You have probably, or will, run into problems with taxonomic names. For example, you may think you know how a taxonomic name is spelled, but then GBIF will not agree with you. Or, perhaps GBIF will have multiple versions of the taxon, spelled in slightly different ways. Or, the version of the name that they think is the right one does not match what yo think is the right one.

This isn't really anyone's fault. It's a result of there not being one accepted taxonomic source of truth across the globe. There are many different taxonomic databases. GBIF makes their own backbone taxonomy that they use as a source of internal truth for taxonomic names. The accepted names in the backbone taxonomy match those in the database of occurrences - so do try to figure out what backbone taxonomy version of the name you want.

Another source of problems stems from the fact that names are constantly changing. Sometimes epithets change, sometimes generic names, and sometimes higher names like family or tribe. These changes can take a while to work their way in to GBIF's data.

The following are some examples of confusing name bits. We'll update these if GBIF's name's change. The difference between each pair of names is highlighted in bold.

## Load rgbif

    library("rgbif")

## Helper function

To reduce code duplication, we'll use a little helper function to make a call to `name_backbone()` for each input name, then `rbind` them together:

    name_rbind <- function(..., rank = "species") {
     df <- data.frame(do.call(rbind, lapply(list(...), name_backbone, rank = rank)))
     df[, c('usageKey', 'scientificName', 'canonicalName', 'rank',
           'status', 'confidence', 'matchType', 'synonym')]
    }

And another function to get the taxonomic data provider

    taxon_provider <- function(x) {
      tt <- name_usage(key = x)$data
      datasets(uuid = tt$constituentKey)$data$title
    }

We use `taxon_provider()` below to get the taxonomy provider in the bulleted list of details for each taxon (even though you don't see it called, we use it, but the code isn't shown :)).

## Pinus sylvestris vs. P. silvestris

    (c1 <- name_rbind("Pinus sylvestris", "Pinus silvestris"))
    #>   usageKey      scientificName    canonicalName    rank   status
    #> 1  5285637 Pinus sylvestris L. Pinus sylvestris SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #> 2  5285637 Pinus sylvestris L. Pinus sylvestris SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #>   confidence matchType synonym
    #> 1         97     EXACT   FALSE
    #> 2         94     FUZZY   FALSE

- P. sylvestris w/ 420319 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life
- P. silvestris w/ 420319 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life

## Macrozamia platyrachis vs. M. platyrhachis

    (c2 <- name_rbind("Macrozamia platyrachis", "Macrozamia platyrhachis"))
    #>   usageKey                     scientificName           canonicalName
    #> 1  2683551 Macrozamia platyrhachis F.M.Bailey Macrozamia platyrhachis
    #> 2  2683551 Macrozamia platyrhachis F.M.Bailey Macrozamia platyrhachis
    #>      rank   status confidence matchType synonym
    #> 1 SPECIES ACCEPTED         96     FUZZY   FALSE
    #> 2 SPECIES ACCEPTED         98     EXACT   FALSE

- M. platyrachis w/ 63 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life
- M. platyrhachis w/ 63 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life

## Cycas circinalis vs. C. circinnalis

    (c3 <- name_rbind("Cycas circinalis", "Cycas circinnalis"))
    #>   usageKey      scientificName    canonicalName    rank   status
    #> 1  2683264 Cycas circinalis L. Cycas circinalis SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #> 2  2683264 Cycas circinalis L. Cycas circinalis SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #>   confidence matchType synonym
    #> 1         98     EXACT   FALSE
    #> 2         95     FUZZY   FALSE

- C. circinalis w/ 602 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life
- C. circinnalis w/ 602 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life

## Isolona perrieri vs. I. perrierii

    (c4 <- name_rbind("Isolona perrieri", "Isolona perrierii"))
    #>   usageKey          scientificName     canonicalName    rank   status
    #> 1  6308376 Isolona perrierii Diels Isolona perrierii SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #> 2  6308376 Isolona perrierii Diels Isolona perrierii SPECIES ACCEPTED
    #>   confidence matchType synonym
    #> 1         96     FUZZY   FALSE
    #> 2         98     EXACT   FALSE

- I. perrieri w/ 81 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life
- I. perrierii w/ 81 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life

## Wiesneria vs. Wisneria

    (c5 <- name_rbind("Wiesneria", "Wisneria", rank = "genus"))
    #>   usageKey         scientificName canonicalName     rank  status
    #> 1  2864604              Wiesneria         GENUS ACCEPTED      96
    #> 2  7327444 Wisneria Micheli, 1881      Wisneria    GENUS SYNONYM
    #>   confidence matchType    synonym
    #> 1      EXACT   Plantae Liliopsida
    #> 2         95     EXACT       TRUE

- Wiesneria w/ 111 occurrences - from Catalogue of Life
- Wisneria w/ 3 occurrences - from The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

## The take away messages from this vignette

- Make sure you are using the name you think you're using
- Realize that GBIF's backbone taxonomy is used for occurrence data
- Searching for occurrences by name matches against backbone names, not other names (e.g., synonyms)
- GBIF may at some points in time have multiple version of the same name in their own backbone taxonomy - These can usually be separated by data provider (e.g., Catalogue of Life vs. International Plant Names Index)
- There are different ways to search for names - make sure are familiar with the four different name search functions, all starting with `name_`