# Lua filters in R Markdown

This vignettes gives some detailed information regarding the Lua filters including in the rmarkdown package. You don’t have to do anything to use them usually as they just works usaully. This document presents the features they power.

To know more about Lua filters in general, you can jump directly to last section

## Pagebreaks

This filter is available since rmarkdown 1.15 and works with Pandoc 2.1+ (shipped in RStudio >= 1.2).

Adding a pagebreak in document was always possible using custom output specific syntax in a rmarkdown file but one drawback was the compatibility with several output format.

With this Lua filter, it is possible to add a `\newpage` or `\pagebreak` command in a new line to include a pagebreak in any of these formats: `pdf_document()`, `html_document()`, `word_document()` and `odt_document()`.

    # Header 1

    Some text

    \newpage

    # Header 2 on a new page

    Some other text

    \pagebreak

    # Header 3 on a third page

rmarkdown will convert those commands in the correct output format syntax using a Lua filter during pandoc conversion.

### Using with PDF/ latex documents

As the commands are the ones already used in latex syntax, this works as expected in a tex output document, and thus with pdf. Adding a pagebreak was already possible with rmarkdown when output is `pdf_document()` or `latex_document()`, without any restriction about the version of pandoc.

### Using with HTML documents

A `\newpage` or `\pagebreak` command in a rmarkdown document with output as HTML will be converted by default in this html code with inline style using CSS rule `page-break-after`

    <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>

This will always insert a pagebreak after this div.

To get more flexibility, you can use a HTML class and some custom CSS instead of an inline style. You need to add a metadata field `newpage_html_class` in your yaml header to set the class.

Then you can control the behavior using custom CSS as in this example

    ---
    output:
      html_document: default
    newpage_html_class: page-break
    ---

    ```{css, echo = FALSE}
    // display the pagebreak only when printing the html page
    @media all {
        .page-break { display: none; }
    }
    @media print {
        .page-break { display: block; break-after: page; }
    }
    ```

    # Header 1

    Some text

    \newpage

    # Header 2 on a new page

    Some other text

`\newpage` will be converted here to

    <div class="page-break"></div>

and the style will be applied to this class from the CSS included in the chunk.

This customisation can also be achieved by setting the environnement variable `PANDOC_NEWPAGE_HTML_CLASS` in the R session that will render the document (or in `.Renviron` file for example)

Let’s note that in this example we use `break-after` property instead of `page-break-after` as it is recommended now to use the former which is the replacement. The latter is kept around for compatibility reason with browsers.

### Using with Word documents

A `\newpage` or `\pagebreak` command in a rmarkdown document with output as Word document will be converted in a pagebreak for word document. Manually, this would mean adding this in your rmarkdown

    ```{=openxml}
    <w:p><w:r><w:br w:type="page"/></w:r></w:p>
    ```

For example, using the pagebreak feature, this will add the first header in the second page of the work document

    ---
    title: My main title
    output: word_document
    ---

    \newpage

    # First Header

### Using with ODT documents

To use the pagebreak feature with `odt_document()`, you need to provide a reference document that includes a paragraph style with, by default, the name Pagebreak. This named paragraph style should have no extra space before or after and have a pagebreak after it. (see libre office documentation on how to create a style).

The name of the named paragrah style could be customized using `newpage_odt_style` metadata in yaml header or `PANDOC_NEWPAGE_ODT_STYLE` environment variable (as in html document).

As the previous one, this example will lead to a two pages document, with first header on the second page.

    ---
    title: My main title
    output:
      odt_document:
        reference_odt: reference.odt
    ---

    \newpage

    # First Header

## Number sections

This filter is available since rmarkdown 2.4 and works with Pandoc 2.1+ (shipped in RStudio >= 1.2).

Numbering sections are supported by Pandoc for limited formats (e.g., html and pdf). The rmarkdown package adds `number_sections.lua` to support this feature in other formats (e.g., docx, odt, and so on). Users do not have to know which formats use the Pandoc’s feature or the Lua filter.

    ---
    title: My main title
    output:
      md_document:
        number_sections: true # implemented by Lua filter
      html_document
        number_sections: true # implemented by Pandoc
    ---

    # First Header

    ## A Header Belonging the First Header

    # Second Header

In general, numbers and titles of sections are separated by a space. An exception is the `word_document` function, which separates them by a tab in order to be consistent with Pandoc’s number sections for docx format in Pandoc >= 2.10.1. If one wants to have fine controls on the format of section numbers, prepare customized docx file and specify it to the `reference_docx` argument of the `word_document` function.

## Custom environment for LaTeX

This filter is available since rmarkdown 1.15 and works with Pandoc 2.1+ (shipped in RStudio >= 1.2).

Pandoc supports a syntax called Fenced Divs that allows to create `<div>` in HTML. For example, the syntax is

    ::: {#special .sidebar}
    Here is a paragraph.

    And another.
    :::

By default, this special syntax will be ignored in LaTeX conversion for PDF output and the content of the block will be used as-is. However, this syntax could be used to create LaTeX environment.

That is why rmarkdown uses a custom Lua filter to allow any Fenced Divs to be converted as a LaTeX environment (`\begin{env}` … `\end{env}`) when desired by adding a special attribute.

    ::: {.verbatim data-latex=""}
    We show some _verbatim_ text here.
    :::

Its LaTeX output will be:

    \begin{verbatim}
    We show some \emph{verbatim} text here.
    \end{verbatim}

This feature we call Custom blocks is documented in details in the R Markdown Cookbook

## About Lua filters

Since pandoc 2.0, it is possible to use Lua filters to add some extra functionality to pandoc document conversion. Adding a pagebreak command in markdown to be compatible with several output documents is one of them. You can find some more informations about Lua filters in pandoc’s documentation and also some examples in a collection of Lua filters for pandoc. These examples, and any other Lua filters, can be use in your Rmarkdown document directly by adding a pandoc argument in yaml header

    ---
    output:
      html_document:
        pandoc_args: ["--lua-filter=filter.lua"]
    ---

You can also use a special helper using a `!expr` syntax for yaml in your header

The package rmdfiltr provides a collection of Lua filters and helpers functions to use them.

Before pandoc 2.0, using filter with pandoc was already available through programs that modifies the AST. `pandoc-citeproc` is an example used to deal with citations. The package pandocfilter is useful to create filters using R.

### Using filters with output format

If you want to create a format that uses a special filter, you can add it as a pandoc option if the output format.

Either by modifying an existing format:

    custom_format <- function(...) {
      base_format <- rmarkdown::html_document(...)
      # prepending a new Lua filter to html_document() ones
      base_format$pandoc$lua_filters <- c(
        rmarkdown::pandoc_path_arg("new.lua"),
        base_format$pandoc$lua_filters)
      base_format
    }

    basename(custom_format()$pandoc$lua_filters)
    #> [1] "new.lua"       "pagebreak.lua" "latex-div.lua"

Or by creating a new format :

    custom_format <- function(toc = TRUE, ...) {
      rmarkdown::output_format(
        knitr = rmarkdown::knitr_options(),
        # a new filter will be appended to base_format ones
        pandoc = rmarkdown::pandoc_options(to = "html", lua_filters = "new.lua"),
        base_format = rmarkdown::html_document(toc = toc, ...)
      )
    }

    basename(custom_format()$pandoc$lua_filters)
    #> [1] "pagebreak.lua" "latex-div.lua" "new.lua"

As this is an advanced feature, if you want to go further, we encourage you to look at the examples of formats in packages such as rmarkdown, bookdown or pagedown.