| More docs on the ARB website. See also index of helppages. Last update on 27. Jun 2017 .

Main topics:

- ARB: a Short Introduction
- Glossary
- External tools used by ARB (doc)

Related topics:

# MrBayes

- DESCRIPTION
- PARAMETERS
- LICENSE

## DESCRIPTION

### MrBayes is a program for Bayesian inference and model choice across a wide range of phylogenetic and evolutionary models. MrBayes uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to estimate the posterior distribution of model parameters.

### The desciptions in this manual where copied from the official MrBayes manual at http://mrbayes.sourceforge.net/manual.php

## PARAMETERS

### Number of substitution types

Sets the number of substitution types:

- "1" constrains all of the rates to be the same (e.g., a JC69 or F81 model);
- "2" allows transitions and transversions to have potentially different rates (e.g., a K80 or HKY85 model);
- "6" allows all rates to be different, subject to the constraint of time-reversibility (e.g., a GTR model).
- Finally, 'nst' can be set to 'mixed', which results in the Markov chain sampling over the space of all possible reversible substitution models, including the GTR model and all models that can be derived from it model by grouping the six rates in various combinations. This includes all the named models above and a large number of others, with or without name.

### Model for among-site rate variation

Sets the model for among-site rate variation. In general, the rate at a site is considered to be an unknown random variable. The valid options are:

- No rate variation across sites.
- Gamma-distributed rates across sites. The rate at a site is drawn from a gamma distribution. The gamma distribution has a single parameter that describes how much rates vary.
- Autocorrelated rates across sites. The marginal rate distribution is gamma, but adjacent sites have correlated rates.
- A proportion of the sites are invariable.
- A proportion of the sites are invariable while the rate for the remaining sites are drawn from a gamma distribution.

### Number of rate categories for the gamma distribution

Sets the number of rate categories for the gamma distribution. The gamma distribution is continuous. However, it is virtually impossible to calculate likelihoods under the continuous gamma distribution. Hence, an approximation to the continuous gamma is used; the gamma distribution is broken into ncat categories of equal weight (1/ncat). The mean rate for each category represents the rate for the entire cateogry. This option allows you to specify how many rate categories to use when approximating the gamma. The approximation is better as ncat is increased. In practice, "ncat=4" does a reasonable job of approximating the continuous gamma.

### Number of cycles for the MCMC algorithm

This option sets the number of cycles for the MCMC algorithm. This should be a big number as you want the chain to first reach stationarity, and then remain there for enough time to take lots of samples.

    NOTE: the standalone version of MrBayes asks if you want to continue
          the calculation after the number of cycles has been reached.
          This does NOT happen when using the ARB version. If the number
          of cycles has been reached the algorithm will terminate!

### Number of chains

How many chains are run for each analysis for the MCMCMC variant. The default is 4: 1 cold chain and 3 heated chains. If Nchains is set to 1, MrBayes will use regular MCMC sampling, without heating.

### Temperature parameter for heating the chains

The temperature parameter for heating the chains. The higher the temperature, the more likely the heated chains are to move between isolated peaks in the posterior distribution. However, excessive heating may lead to very low acceptance rates for swaps between different chains. Before changing the default setting, however, note that the acceptance rates of swaps tend to fluctuate during the burn-in phase of the run.

### Markov chain sample frequency

This specifies how often the Markov chain is sampled. You can sample the chain every cycle, but this results in very large output files. Thinning the chain is a way of making these files smaller and making the samples more independent.

### Fraction of samples that will be discarded

Determines the fraction of samples that will be discarded when convergence diagnostics are calculated. The value of this option is only relevant when Relburnin is set to YES. Example: A value for this option of 0.25 means that 25% of the samples will be discarded.

## LICENSE

### GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991