# <img src="data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 47396 characters]" height="139px" width="120px" />

## Functions/utilities available

Function | Description
--- | ---
`identify_abundant` | identify the abundant genes
`aggregate_duplicates` | Aggregate abundance and annotation of duplicated transcripts in a robust way
`scale_abundance` | Scale (normalise) abundance for RNA sequencing depth
`reduce_dimensions` | Perform dimensionality reduction (PCA, MDS, tSNE)
`cluster_elements` | Labels elements with cluster identity (kmeans, SNN)
`remove_redundancy` | Filter out elements with highly correlated features
`adjust_abundance` | Remove known unwanted variation (Combat)
`test_differential_abundance` | Differential transcript abundance testing (DE)
`deconvolve_cellularity` | Estimated tissue composition (Cibersort or llsr)
`test_differential_cellularity` | Differential cell-type abundance testing
`keep_variable` | Filter for top variable features
`keep_abundant` | Filter out lowly abundant transcripts
`test_gene_enrichment` | Gene enrichment analyses (EGSEA)
`test_gene_overrepresentation` | Gene enrichment on list of transcript names (no rank)

Utilities | Description
--- | ---
`get_bibliography` | Get the bibliography of your workflow
`tidybulk` | add tidybulk attributes to a tibble object
`tidybulk_SAM_BAM` | Convert SAM BAM files into tidybulk tibble
`pivot_sample` | Select sample-wise columns/information
`pivot_transcript` | Select transcript-wise columns/information
`rotate_dimensions` | Rotate two dimensions of a degree
`ensembl_to_symbol` | Add gene symbol from ensembl IDs
`symbol_to_entrez` | Add entrez ID from gene symbol
`describe_transcript` | Add gene description from gene symbol
`impute_missing_abundance` | Impute abundance for missing data points using sample groupings
`fill_missing_abundance` | Fill abundance for missing data points using an arbitrary value

## Minimal input data frame

sample | transcript | abundance | annotation
--- | --- | --- | ---
`chr` or `fctr` | `chr` or `fctr` | `integer` | …

## Output data frame

sample | transcript | abundance | annotation | new information
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`chr` or `fctr` | `chr` or `fctr` | `integer` | … | …

## Create `tidybulk` tibble. It memorises key column names

    tt = counts_mini %>% tidybulk(sample, transcript, count)

All tidybulk methods are directly compatible with SummarizedExperiment as well.

## Aggregate `transcripts`

tidybulk provide the `aggregate_duplicates` function to aggregate duplicated transcripts (e.g., isoforms, ensembl). For example, we often have to convert ensembl symbols to gene/transcript symbol, but in doing so we have to deal with duplicates. `aggregate_duplicates` takes a tibble and column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) as arguments and returns a tibble with aggregate transcript with the same name. All the rest of the column are appended, and factors and boolean are appended as characters.

    tt.aggr =  tt %>% aggregate_duplicates(     aggregation_function = sum )

    tt.aggr

    ## # A tibble: 2,635 x 7
    ##    sample     transcript `Cell type` count time  condition `merged transcripts`
    ##    <chr>      <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <chr> <chr>                    <dbl>
    ##  1 SRR1740034 TNFRSF4    b_cell          6 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  2 SRR1740034 PLCH2      b_cell        926 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  3 SRR1740034 PADI4      b_cell         21 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  4 SRR1740034 PAX7       b_cell          0 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  5 SRR1740034 CDA        b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  6 SRR1740034 RCAN3      b_cell        905 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  7 SRR1740034 SMPDL3B    b_cell          3 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  8 SRR1740034 EPB41      b_cell       4667 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  9 SRR1740034 LCK        b_cell        436 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## 10 SRR1740034 COL8A2     b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## # … with 2,625 more rows

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.aggr =  se_mini %>% aggregate_duplicates(    aggregation_function = sum )

    se.aggr

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(1): count
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(0):
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(4): Cell.type time condition merged.transcripts

## Scale `counts`

We may want to compensate for sequencing depth, scaling the transcript abundance (e.g., with TMM algorithm, Robinson and Oshlack doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-3-r25). `scale_abundance` takes a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and a method as arguments and returns a tibble with additional columns with scaled data as `<NAME OF COUNT COLUMN>_scaled`.

    tt.norm =  tt.aggr %>% identify_abundant(factor_of_interest = condition) %>% scale_abundance(method="TMM")

    tt.norm %>% select(`count`, count_scaled, .abundant, everything())

    ## # A tibble: 2,635 x 11
    ##    count count_scaled .abundant sample transcript `Cell type` time  condition
    ##    <dbl>        <dbl> <lgl>     <chr>  <chr>      <chr>       <chr> <chr>
    ##  1     6         7.85 FALSE     SRR17… TNFRSF4    b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  2   926      1211.   TRUE      SRR17… PLCH2      b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  3    21        27.5  TRUE      SRR17… PADI4      b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  4     0         0    FALSE     SRR17… PAX7       b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  5     1         1.31 TRUE      SRR17… CDA        b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  6   905      1184.   TRUE      SRR17… RCAN3      b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  7     3         3.92 FALSE     SRR17… SMPDL3B    b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  8  4667      6104.   TRUE      SRR17… EPB41      b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ##  9   436       570.   TRUE      SRR17… LCK        b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ## 10     1         1.31 TRUE      SRR17… COL8A2     b_cell      0 d   TRUE
    ## # … with 2,625 more rows, and 3 more variables: `merged transcripts` <dbl>,
    ## #   TMM <dbl>, multiplier <dbl>

We can easily plot the scaled density to check the scaling outcome. On the x axis we have the log scaled counts, on the y axes we have the density, data is grouped by sample and coloured by cell type.

    tt.norm %>%
        ggplot(aes(count_scaled + 1, group=sample, color=`Cell type`)) +
        geom_density() +
        scale_x_log10() +
        my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm =  se.aggr %>% identify_abundant(factor_of_interest = condition) %>% scale_abundance(method="TMM")

    se.norm

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(6): Cell.type time ... TMM multiplier

## Filter `variable transcripts`

We may want to identify and filter variable transcripts.

    tt.norm.variable = tt.norm %>% keep_variable()

## Reduce `dimensions`

We may want to reduce the dimensions of our data, for example using PCA or MDS algorithms. `reduce_dimensions` takes a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and a method (e.g., MDS or PCA) as arguments and returns a tibble with additional columns for the reduced dimensions.

MDS (Robinson et al., 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616)

    tt.norm.MDS =  tt.norm %>% reduce_dimensions(.abundance = count_scaled, method="MDS", .dims = 3)

    tt.norm.MDS %>% select(sample, contains("Dim"), `Cell type`, time ) %>% distinct()

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 6
    ##   sample       Dim1   Dim2     Dim3 `Cell type`       time
    ##   <chr>       <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl> <chr>             <chr>
    ## 1 SRR1740034 -1.64  -0.844 -0.0264  b_cell            0 d
    ## 2 SRR1740035 -1.61  -0.860 -0.0438  b_cell            1 d
    ## 3 SRR1740043  2.23  -0.233 -0.641   monocyte          1 d
    ## 4 SRR1740058 -0.798  2.20  -0.00771 t_cell            0 d
    ## 5 SRR1740067  1.82  -0.268  0.719   dendritic_myeloid 1 d

On the x and y axes axis we have the reduced dimensions 1 to 3, data is coloured by cell type.

    tt.norm.MDS %>%
        select(contains("Dim"), sample, `Cell type`) %>%
      distinct() %>%
      GGally::ggpairs(columns = 1:3, ggplot2::aes(colour=`Cell type`))

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.MDS =  se.norm %>% reduce_dimensions(.abundance = count_scaled, method="MDS", .dims = 3)

    se.norm.MDS

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(9): Cell.type time ... Dim2 Dim3

PCA

    tt.norm.PCA = tt.norm %>% reduce_dimensions(.abundance = count_scaled, method="PCA" ,  .dims = 3)

    tt.norm.PCA %>% select(sample, contains("PC"), `Cell type`, time ) %>% distinct()

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 6
    ##   sample        PC1    PC2    PC3 `Cell type`       time
    ##   <chr>       <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>             <chr>
    ## 1 SRR1740034 -11.8  -8.57  -0.119 b_cell            0 d
    ## 2 SRR1740035 -11.8  -8.65  -0.550 b_cell            1 d
    ## 3 SRR1740043  17.9  -0.728 -7.94  monocyte          1 d
    ## 4 SRR1740058  -9.37 18.8   -0.191 t_cell            0 d
    ## 5 SRR1740067  15.1  -0.903  8.80  dendritic_myeloid 1 d

On the x and y axes axis we have the reduced dimensions 1 to 3, data is coloured by cell type.

    tt.norm.PCA %>%
        select(contains("PC"), sample, `Cell type`) %>%
      distinct() %>%
      GGally::ggpairs(columns = 1:3, ggplot2::aes(colour=`Cell type`))

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.PCA = se.norm %>% reduce_dimensions(.abundance = count_scaled, method="PCA" ,  .dims = 3)

    se.norm.PCA

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(9): Cell.type time ... PC2 PC3

tSNE

    tt.norm.tSNE =
        tt_tcga_breast %>%
        identify_abundant() %>%
        reduce_dimensions(
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            method = "tSNE",
            top = 500,
            perplexity=10,
            pca_scale =TRUE
        )

    ## Performing PCA
    ## Read the 251 x 50 data matrix successfully!
    ## OpenMP is working. 1 threads.
    ## Using no_dims = 2, perplexity = 10.000000, and theta = 0.500000
    ## Computing input similarities...
    ## Building tree...
    ## Done in 0.02 seconds (sparsity = 0.182886)!
    ## Learning embedding...
    ## Iteration 50: error is 68.935514 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 100: error is 68.353509 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 150: error is 70.398326 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 200: error is 70.323893 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 250: error is 69.099920 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 300: error is 1.508407 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 350: error is 1.149254 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 400: error is 1.102689 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 450: error is 1.079785 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 500: error is 1.066675 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 550: error is 1.056005 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 600: error is 1.054140 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 650: error is 1.051521 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 700: error is 1.050280 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 750: error is 1.049675 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 800: error is 1.047978 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 850: error is 1.048626 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 900: error is 1.047114 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 950: error is 1.045593 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 1000: error is 1.045622 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Fitting performed in 0.59 seconds.

    tt.norm.tSNE %>%
        select(contains("tSNE", ignore.case = FALSE), sample, Call) %>%
        distinct()

    ## # A tibble: 251 x 4
    ##     tSNE1  tSNE2 sample                       Call
    ##     <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>                        <fct>
    ##  1 -10.6    5.43 TCGA-A1-A0SD-01A-11R-A115-07 LumA
    ##  2   4.69 -10.9  TCGA-A1-A0SF-01A-11R-A144-07 LumA
    ##  3  -7.16  -7.68 TCGA-A1-A0SG-01A-11R-A144-07 LumA
    ##  4  -2.72   6.82 TCGA-A1-A0SH-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA
    ##  5  -5.85   6.23 TCGA-A1-A0SI-01A-11R-A144-07 LumB
    ##  6   9.44  -1.49 TCGA-A1-A0SJ-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA
    ##  7  34.8    3.99 TCGA-A1-A0SK-01A-12R-A084-07 Basal
    ##  8   3.46  14.0  TCGA-A1-A0SM-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA
    ##  9   3.67  12.3  TCGA-A1-A0SN-01A-11R-A144-07 LumB
    ## 10 -23.8    6.19 TCGA-A1-A0SQ-01A-21R-A144-07 LumA
    ## # … with 241 more rows

    tt.norm.tSNE %>%
        pivot_sample() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x = `tSNE1`, y = `tSNE2`, color=Call)) + geom_point() + my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.tSNE =
        se_breast_tcga_mini %>%
        identify_abundant() %>%
        reduce_dimensions(
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            method = "tSNE",
            top = 500,
            perplexity=10,
            pca_scale =TRUE
        )

    ## Performing PCA
    ## Read the 251 x 50 data matrix successfully!
    ## OpenMP is working. 1 threads.
    ## Using no_dims = 2, perplexity = 10.000000, and theta = 0.500000
    ## Computing input similarities...
    ## Building tree...
    ## Done in 0.01 seconds (sparsity = 0.182886)!
    ## Learning embedding...
    ## Iteration 50: error is 67.115360 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 100: error is 68.509076 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 150: error is 67.816303 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 200: error is 67.802983 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 250: error is 68.657800 (50 iterations in 0.04 seconds)
    ## Iteration 300: error is 1.687378 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 350: error is 1.353161 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 400: error is 1.219459 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 450: error is 1.189173 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 500: error is 1.168609 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 550: error is 1.157039 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 600: error is 1.149905 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 650: error is 1.147442 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 700: error is 1.144546 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 750: error is 1.145337 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 800: error is 1.142934 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 850: error is 1.141891 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 900: error is 1.140121 (50 iterations in 0.03 seconds)
    ## Iteration 950: error is 1.140129 (50 iterations in 0.02 seconds)
    ## Iteration 1000: error is 1.139435 (50 iterations in 0.02 seconds)
    ## Fitting performed in 0.57 seconds.

    se.norm.tSNE

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 500 251
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(500): ENSG00000002834 ENSG00000003989 ... ENSG00000265972
    ##   ENSG00000272398
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(251): TCGA-A1-A0SD-01A-11R-A115-07
    ##   TCGA-A1-A0SF-01A-11R-A144-07 ... TCGA-GM-A2DM-01A-11R-A180-07
    ##   TCGA-GM-A2DN-01A-11R-A180-07
    ## colData names(3): Call tSNE1 tSNE2

## Rotate `dimensions`

We may want to rotate the reduced dimensions (or any two numeric columns really) of our data, of a set angle. `rotate_dimensions` takes a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and an angle as arguments and returns a tibble with additional columns for the rotated dimensions. The rotated dimensions will be added to the original data set as `<NAME OF DIMENSION> rotated <ANGLE>` by default, or as specified in the input arguments.

    tt.norm.MDS.rotated =
      tt.norm.MDS %>%
        rotate_dimensions(`Dim1`, `Dim2`, rotation_degrees = 45, .element = sample)

Original On the x and y axes axis we have the first two reduced dimensions, data is coloured by cell type.

    tt.norm.MDS.rotated %>%
        pivot_sample() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x=`Dim1`, y=`Dim2`, color=`Cell type` )) +
      geom_point() +
      my_theme

Rotated On the x and y axes axis we have the first two reduced dimensions rotated of 45 degrees, data is coloured by cell type.

    tt.norm.MDS.rotated %>%
        pivot_sample() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x=`Dim1 rotated 45`, y=`Dim2 rotated 45`, color=`Cell type` )) +
      geom_point() +
      my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.MDS %>%
    rotate_dimensions(`Dim1`, `Dim2`, rotation_degrees = 45, .element = sample)

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(11): Cell.type time ... Dim1.rotated.45 Dim2.rotated.45

## Test `differential abundance`

We may want to test for differential transcription between sample-wise factors of interest (e.g., with edgeR). `test_differential_abundance` takes a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and a formula representing the desired linear model as arguments and returns a tibble with additional columns for the statistics from the hypothesis test (e.g., log fold change, p-value and false discovery rate).

    tt %>% identify_abundant(factor_of_interest = condition) %>%    test_differential_abundance(  ~ condition,  action="only")

    ## # A tibble: 393 x 6
    ##    transcript  logFC logCPM     F   PValue    FDR
    ##    <chr>       <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl>  <dbl>
    ##  1 CLEC7A     -11.6   12.7  109.  0.000142 0.0170
    ##  2 HK3        -12.2   13.5   90.1 0.000225 0.0170
    ##  3 APOBEC3A    -8.93  11.1   77.7 0.000319 0.0170
    ##  4 IGSF6       -7.78  10.5   71.8 0.000385 0.0170
    ##  5 RASSF4      -8.38  12.4   69.0 0.000422 0.0170
    ##  6 IL2RA        8.37   9.18  65.5 0.000477 0.0170
    ##  7 TLR8        -9.94  11.6   64.3 0.000497 0.0170
    ##  8 C5AR1       -9.97  12.2   56.7 0.000667 0.0170
    ##  9 FCN1       -12.6   15.4   56.6 0.000670 0.0170
    ## 10 CCR7         8.35  11.9   56.0 0.000687 0.0170
    ## # … with 383 more rows

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se_mini %>% test_differential_abundance(  ~ condition)

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(1): count
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(5): logFC logCPM F PValue FDR
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(3): Cell.type time condition

## Adjust `counts`

We may want to adjust `counts` for (known) unwanted variation. `adjust_abundance` takes as arguments a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and a formula representing the desired linear model where the first covariate is the factor of interest and the second covariate is the unwanted variation, and returns a tibble with additional columns for the adjusted counts as `<COUNT COLUMN>_adjusted`. At the moment just an unwanted covariated is allowed at a time.

    tt.norm.adj =
        tt.norm.batch %>%
          adjust_abundance(
            ~ factor_of_interest + batch,
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            action = "only"
          )

    tt.norm.adj

    ## # A tibble: 1,965 x 3
    ##    transcript sample     count_scaled_adjusted
    ##    <chr>      <chr>                      <int>
    ##  1 ABCB4      SRR1740034                  1936
    ##  2 ABCB9      SRR1740034                    80
    ##  3 ACAP1      SRR1740034                  9676
    ##  4 ACP5       SRR1740034                  2736
    ##  5 ADAM28     SRR1740034                  8444
    ##  6 ADAMDEC1   SRR1740034                    46
    ##  7 ADRB2      SRR1740034                   464
    ##  8 AIF1       SRR1740034                     4
    ##  9 AIM2       SRR1740034                  2713
    ## 10 ALOX15     SRR1740034                    47
    ## # … with 1,955 more rows

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.batch %>%
      adjust_abundance(
        ~ factor_of_interest + batch,
        .abundance = count_scaled
      )

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 8513 48
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(3): count count_scaled count_scaled_adjusted
    ## rownames(8513): A1BG A1BG-AS1 ... ZZEF1 ZZZ3
    ## rowData names(0):
    ## colnames(48): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 ... SRR1740088 SRR1740089
    ## colData names(7): Cell.type time ... TMM multiplier

## Deconvolve `Cell type composition`

We may want to infer the cell type composition of our samples (with the algorithm Cibersort; Newman et al., 10.1038/nmeth.3337). `deconvolve_cellularity` takes as arguments a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and returns a tibble with additional columns for the adjusted cell type proportions.

columns truncated

    tt.cibersort =
        tt %>%
        deconvolve_cellularity(action="get", cores=1)

    tt.cibersort %>% select(sample, contains("cibersort:"))

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 23
    ##   sample `cibersort: B cells naive` `cibersort: B cells memory`
    ##   <chr>                       <dbl>                       <dbl>
    ## 1 SRR17…                    0.622                         0.238
    ## 2 SRR17…                    0.611                         0.257
    ## 3 SRR17…                    0                             0
    ## 4 SRR17…                    0.00232                       0
    ## 5 SRR17…                    0                             0
    ## # … with 20 more variables: `cibersort: Plasma cells` <dbl>, `cibersort: T
    ## #   cells CD8` <dbl>, `cibersort: T cells CD4 naive` <dbl>, `cibersort: T cells
    ## #   CD4 memory resting` <dbl>, `cibersort: T cells CD4 memory activated` <dbl>,
    ## #   `cibersort: T cells follicular helper` <dbl>, `cibersort: T cells
    ## #   regulatory (Tregs)` <dbl>, `cibersort: T cells gamma delta` <dbl>,
    ## #   `cibersort: NK cells resting` <dbl>, `cibersort: NK cells activated` <dbl>,
    ## #   `cibersort: Monocytes` <dbl>, `cibersort: Macrophages M0` <dbl>,
    ## #   `cibersort: Macrophages M1` <dbl>, `cibersort: Macrophages M2` <dbl>,
    ## #   `cibersort: Dendritic cells resting` <dbl>, `cibersort: Dendritic cells
    ## #   activated` <dbl>, `cibersort: Mast cells resting` <dbl>, `cibersort: Mast
    ## #   cells activated` <dbl>, `cibersort: Eosinophils` <dbl>, `cibersort:
    ## #   Neutrophils` <dbl>

With the new annotated data frame, we can plot the distributions of cell types across samples, and compare them with the nominal cell type labels to check for the purity of isolation. On the x axis we have the cell types inferred by Cibersort, on the y axis we have the inferred proportions. The data is facetted and coloured by nominal cell types (annotation given by the researcher after FACS sorting).

    tt.cibersort %>%
        gather(`Cell type inferred`, `proportion`, 5:26) %>%
      distinct(sample, `Cell type`, `Cell type inferred`, proportion) %>%
      ggplot(aes(x=`Cell type inferred`, y=proportion, fill=`Cell type`)) +
      geom_boxplot() +
      facet_wrap(~`Cell type`) +
      my_theme +
      theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5), aspect.ratio=1/5)

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.cibersort %>% deconvolve_cellularity(cores=1)

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 8513 48
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(1): count
    ## rownames(8513): A1BG A1BG-AS1 ... ZZEF1 ZZZ3
    ## rowData names(0):
    ## colnames(48): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 ... SRR1740088 SRR1740089
    ## colData names(27): Cell.type time ... cibersort..Eosinophils
    ##   cibersort..Neutrophils

## Cluster `samples`

We may want to cluster our data (e.g., using k-means sample-wise). `cluster_elements` takes as arguments a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and returns a tibble with additional columns for the cluster annotation. At the moment only k-means clustering is supported, the plan is to introduce more clustering methods.

k-means

    tt.norm.cluster = tt.norm %>%
      cluster_elements(.abundance = count_scaled, method="kmeans",  centers = 2 )

    tt.norm.cluster

    ## # A tibble: 2,635 x 12
    ##    sample transcript `Cell type` count time  condition `merged transcripts`
    ##    <chr>  <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <chr> <chr>                    <dbl>
    ##  1 SRR17… TNFRSF4    b_cell          6 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  2 SRR17… PLCH2      b_cell        926 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  3 SRR17… PADI4      b_cell         21 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  4 SRR17… PAX7       b_cell          0 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  5 SRR17… CDA        b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  6 SRR17… RCAN3      b_cell        905 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  7 SRR17… SMPDL3B    b_cell          3 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  8 SRR17… EPB41      b_cell       4667 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  9 SRR17… LCK        b_cell        436 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## 10 SRR17… COL8A2     b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## # … with 2,625 more rows, and 5 more variables: .abundant <lgl>, TMM <dbl>,
    ## #   multiplier <dbl>, count_scaled <dbl>, `cluster kmeans` <fct>

We can add cluster annotation to the MDS dimesion reduced data set and plot.

     tt.norm.MDS %>%
      cluster_elements(
        .abundance = count_scaled,
        method="kmeans",
        centers = 2,
        action="get"
      ) %>%
        ggplot(aes(x=`Dim1`, y=`Dim2`, color=`cluster kmeans`)) +
      geom_point() +
      my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm %>%
      cluster_elements(.abundance = count_scaled, method="kmeans",  centers = 2 )

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 5
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(5): SRR1740034 SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(7): Cell.type time ... multiplier cluster.kmeans

SNN

    tt.norm.SNN =   tt.norm.tSNE %>%    cluster_elements(.abundance= count_scaled, method = "SNN")

    ## Modularity Optimizer version 1.3.0 by Ludo Waltman and Nees Jan van Eck
    ##
    ## Number of nodes: 251
    ## Number of edges: 8500
    ##
    ## Running Louvain algorithm...
    ## Maximum modularity in 10 random starts: 0.5277
    ## Number of communities: 4
    ## Elapsed time: 0 seconds

    tt.norm.SNN %>%
        pivot_sample()

    ## # A tibble: 251 x 5
    ##    sample                       Call   tSNE1  tSNE2 `cluster SNN`
    ##    <chr>                        <fct>  <dbl>  <dbl> <fct>
    ##  1 TCGA-A1-A0SD-01A-11R-A115-07 LumA  -10.6    5.43 1
    ##  2 TCGA-A1-A0SF-01A-11R-A144-07 LumA    4.69 -10.9  2
    ##  3 TCGA-A1-A0SG-01A-11R-A144-07 LumA   -7.16  -7.68 1
    ##  4 TCGA-A1-A0SH-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA   -2.72   6.82 0
    ##  5 TCGA-A1-A0SI-01A-11R-A144-07 LumB   -5.85   6.23 0
    ##  6 TCGA-A1-A0SJ-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA    9.44  -1.49 1
    ##  7 TCGA-A1-A0SK-01A-12R-A084-07 Basal  34.8    3.99 3
    ##  8 TCGA-A1-A0SM-01A-11R-A084-07 LumA    3.46  14.0  2
    ##  9 TCGA-A1-A0SN-01A-11R-A144-07 LumB    3.67  12.3  2
    ## 10 TCGA-A1-A0SQ-01A-21R-A144-07 LumA  -23.8    6.19 1
    ## # … with 241 more rows

    tt.norm.SNN %>%
        select(contains("tSNE", ignore.case = FALSE), `cluster SNN`, sample, Call) %>%
        gather(source, Call, c("cluster SNN", "Call")) %>%
        distinct() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x = `tSNE1`, y = `tSNE2`, color=Call)) + geom_point() + facet_grid(~source) + my_theme

    # Do differential transcription between clusters
    tt.norm.SNN %>%
        mutate(factor_of_interest = `cluster SNN` == 3) %>%
        test_differential_abundance(
        ~ factor_of_interest,
        action="only"
       )

    ## # A tibble: 488 x 6
    ##    ens             logFC logCPM     F   PValue      FDR
    ##    <chr>           <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl>
    ##  1 ENSG00000111716  2.96   9.64  395. 1.22e-53 5.96e-51
    ##  2 ENSG00000065978  1.59  10.2   381. 2.11e-52 5.14e-50
    ##  3 ENSG00000186832  6.25   8.04  354. 4.93e-50 8.02e-48
    ##  4 ENSG00000140545  2.69   9.53  343. 5.61e-49 6.85e-47
    ##  5 ENSG00000181617  7.98   9.13  307. 1.39e-45 1.36e-43
    ##  6 ENSG00000137673  3.89   8.26  273. 4.00e-42 3.25e-40
    ##  7 ENSG00000143947  1.02  10.7   255. 3.95e-40 2.76e-38
    ##  8 ENSG00000124107  4.66   8.61  240. 1.55e-38 9.47e-37
    ##  9 ENSG00000092621  2.92   8.40  233. 9.35e-38 5.07e-36
    ## 10 ENSG00000083444  1.37   9.40  232. 1.25e-37 6.08e-36
    ## # … with 478 more rows

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.tSNE %>%    cluster_elements(.abundance= count_scaled, method = "SNN")

    ## Modularity Optimizer version 1.3.0 by Ludo Waltman and Nees Jan van Eck
    ##
    ## Number of nodes: 251
    ## Number of edges: 8500
    ##
    ## Running Louvain algorithm...
    ## Maximum modularity in 10 random starts: 0.5277
    ## Number of communities: 4
    ## Elapsed time: 0 seconds

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 500 251
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(500): ENSG00000002834 ENSG00000003989 ... ENSG00000265972
    ##   ENSG00000272398
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(251): TCGA-A1-A0SD-01A-11R-A115-07
    ##   TCGA-A1-A0SF-01A-11R-A144-07 ... TCGA-GM-A2DM-01A-11R-A180-07
    ##   TCGA-GM-A2DN-01A-11R-A180-07
    ## colData names(4): Call tSNE1 tSNE2 cluster.SNN

## Drop `redundant`

We may want to remove redundant elements from the original data set (e.g., samples or transcripts), for example if we want to define cell-type specific signatures with low sample redundancy. `remove_redundancy` takes as arguments a tibble, column names (as symbols; for `sample`, `transcript` and `count`) and returns a tibble dropped recundant elements (e.g., samples). Two redundancy estimation approaches are supported:

- removal of highly correlated clusters of elements (keeping a representative) with method=“correlation”
- removal of most proximal element pairs in a reduced dimensional space.

Approach 1

    tt.norm.non_redundant = tt.norm.MDS %>%  remove_redundancy( method = "correlation" )

We can visualise how the reduced redundancy with the reduced dimentions look like

    tt.norm.non_redundant %>%
        pivot_sample() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x=`Dim1`, y=`Dim2`, color=`Cell type`)) +
      geom_point() +
      my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.MDS %>%  remove_redundancy( method = "correlation" )

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 4
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(4): SRR1740035 SRR1740043 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(9): Cell.type time ... Dim2 Dim3

Approach 2

    tt.norm.non_redundant =
        tt.norm.MDS %>%
      remove_redundancy(
        method = "reduced_dimensions",
        .element = sample,
        .feature = transcript,
        Dim_a_column = `Dim1`,
        Dim_b_column = `Dim2`
      )

We can visualise MDS reduced dimensions of the samples with the closest pair removed.

    tt.norm.non_redundant %>%
        pivot_sample() %>%
        ggplot(aes(x=`Dim1`, y=`Dim2`, color=`Cell type`)) +
      geom_point() +
      my_theme

All functions are also directly compatible with `SummarizedExperiment`.

    se.norm.MDS %>%
    remove_redundancy(
        method = "reduced_dimensions",
        .element = sample,
        .feature = transcript,
        Dim_a_column = `Dim1`,
        Dim_b_column = `Dim2`
    )

    ## class: SummarizedExperiment
    ## dim: 527 3
    ## metadata(0):
    ## assays(2): count count_scaled
    ## rownames(527): ABCB4 ABCB9 ... ZNF324 ZNF442
    ## rowData names(1): .abundant
    ## colnames(3): SRR1740035 SRR1740058 SRR1740067
    ## colData names(9): Cell.type time ... Dim2 Dim3

## Other useful wrappers

The above wrapper streamline the most common processing of bulk RNA sequencing data. Other useful wrappers are listed above.

## From BAM/SAM to tibble of gene counts

We can calculate gene counts (using FeatureCounts; Liao Y et al., 10.1093/nar/gkz114) from a list of BAM/SAM files and format them into a tidy structure (similar to counts).

    counts = tidybulk_SAM_BAM(
        file_names,
        genome = "hg38",
        isPairedEnd = TRUE,
        requireBothEndsMapped = TRUE,
        checkFragLength = FALSE,
        useMetaFeatures = TRUE
    )

## From ensembl IDs to gene symbol IDs

We can add gene symbols from ensembl identifiers. This is useful since different resources use ensembl IDs while others use gene symbol IDs.

    counts_ensembl %>% ensembl_to_symbol(ens)

    ## # A tibble: 119 x 8
    ##    ens   iso   `read count` sample cases_0_project_disease_type
    ##    <chr> <chr>        <dbl> <chr>  <chr>
    ##  1 ENSG… 13             144 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  2 ENSG… 13              72 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  3 ENSG… 13               0 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  4 ENSG… 13            1099 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  5 ENSG… 13              11 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  6 ENSG… 13               2 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  7 ENSG… 13               3 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  8 ENSG… 13            2678 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ##  9 ENSG… 13             751 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ## 10 ENSG… 13               1 TARGE… Acute Myeloid Leukemia
    ## # … with 109 more rows, and 3 more variables:
    ## #   cases_0_samples_0_sample_type <chr>, transcript <chr>, ref_genome <chr>

## ADD versus GET versus ONLY modes

Every function takes a tidytranscriptomics structured data as input, and (i) with action=“add” outputs the new information joint to the original input data frame (default), (ii) with action=“get” the new information with the sample or transcript relative informatin depending on what the analysis is about, or (iii) with action=“only” just the new information. For example, from this data set

      tt.norm

    ## # A tibble: 2,635 x 11
    ##    sample transcript `Cell type` count time  condition `merged transcripts`
    ##    <chr>  <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <chr> <chr>                    <dbl>
    ##  1 SRR17… TNFRSF4    b_cell          6 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  2 SRR17… PLCH2      b_cell        926 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  3 SRR17… PADI4      b_cell         21 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  4 SRR17… PAX7       b_cell          0 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  5 SRR17… CDA        b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  6 SRR17… RCAN3      b_cell        905 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  7 SRR17… SMPDL3B    b_cell          3 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  8 SRR17… EPB41      b_cell       4667 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  9 SRR17… LCK        b_cell        436 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## 10 SRR17… COL8A2     b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## # … with 2,625 more rows, and 4 more variables: .abundant <lgl>, TMM <dbl>,
    ## #   multiplier <dbl>, count_scaled <dbl>

action=“add” (Default) We can add the MDS dimensions to the original data set

      tt.norm %>%
        reduce_dimensions(
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            method="MDS" ,
            .element = sample,
            .feature = transcript,
            .dims = 3,
            action="add"
        )

    ## # A tibble: 2,635 x 14
    ##    sample transcript `Cell type` count time  condition `merged transcripts`
    ##    <chr>  <chr>      <chr>       <dbl> <chr> <chr>                    <dbl>
    ##  1 SRR17… TNFRSF4    b_cell          6 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  2 SRR17… PLCH2      b_cell        926 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  3 SRR17… PADI4      b_cell         21 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  4 SRR17… PAX7       b_cell          0 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  5 SRR17… CDA        b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  6 SRR17… RCAN3      b_cell        905 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  7 SRR17… SMPDL3B    b_cell          3 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  8 SRR17… EPB41      b_cell       4667 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ##  9 SRR17… LCK        b_cell        436 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## 10 SRR17… COL8A2     b_cell          1 0 d   TRUE                         1
    ## # … with 2,625 more rows, and 7 more variables: .abundant <lgl>, TMM <dbl>,
    ## #   multiplier <dbl>, count_scaled <dbl>, Dim1 <dbl>, Dim2 <dbl>, Dim3 <dbl>

action=“get” We can add the MDS dimensions to the original data set selecting just the sample-wise column

      tt.norm %>%
        reduce_dimensions(
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            method="MDS" ,
            .element = sample,
            .feature = transcript,
            .dims = 3,
            action="get"
        )

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 10
    ##   sample `Cell type` time  condition `merged transcripts`   TMM multiplier
    ##   <chr>  <chr>       <chr> <chr>                    <dbl> <dbl>      <dbl>
    ## 1 SRR17… b_cell      0 d   TRUE                         1 0.858      1.31
    ## 2 SRR17… b_cell      1 d   TRUE                         1 0.838      1.19
    ## 3 SRR17… monocyte    1 d   FALSE                        1 0.814      1.90
    ## 4 SRR17… t_cell      0 d   TRUE                         1 1.28       0.968
    ## 5 SRR17… dendritic_… 1 d   FALSE                        1 1.33       1.48
    ## # … with 3 more variables: Dim1 <dbl>, Dim2 <dbl>, Dim3 <dbl>

action=“only” We can get just the MDS dimensions relative to each sample

      tt.norm %>%
        reduce_dimensions(
            .abundance = count_scaled,
            method="MDS" ,
            .element = sample,
            .feature = transcript,
            .dims = 3,
            action="only"
        )

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 4
    ##   sample       Dim1   Dim2     Dim3
    ##   <chr>       <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>
    ## 1 SRR1740034 -1.64  -0.844 -0.0264
    ## 2 SRR1740035 -1.61  -0.860 -0.0438
    ## 3 SRR1740043  2.23  -0.233 -0.641
    ## 4 SRR1740058 -0.798  2.20  -0.00771
    ## 5 SRR1740067  1.82  -0.268  0.719

## Appendix

    sessionInfo()

    ## R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
    ## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
    ## Running under: Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ## BLAS:   /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.12-bioc/R/lib/libRblas.so
    ## LAPACK: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.12-bioc/R/lib/libRlapack.so
    ##
    ## locale:
    ##  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C
    ##  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=C
    ##  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
    ##  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C
    ##  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C
    ## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ##  [1] purrr_0.3.4    rlang_0.4.8    tidybulk_1.2.0 ggrepel_0.8.2  ggplot2_3.3.2
    ##  [6] magrittr_1.5   tibble_3.0.4   tidyr_1.1.2    dplyr_1.0.2    knitr_1.30
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##   [1] backports_1.1.10            tidytext_0.2.6
    ##   [3] plyr_1.8.6                  igraph_1.2.6
    ##   [5] lazyeval_0.2.2              splines_4.0.3
    ##   [7] BiocParallel_1.24.0         listenv_0.8.0
    ##   [9] SnowballC_0.7.0             GenomeInfoDb_1.26.0
    ##  [11] sva_3.38.0                  digest_0.6.27
    ##  [13] htmltools_0.5.0             fansi_0.4.1
    ##  [15] memoise_1.1.0               tensor_1.5
    ##  [17] cluster_2.1.0               ROCR_1.0-11
    ##  [19] limma_3.46.0                globals_0.13.1
    ##  [21] readr_1.4.0                 annotate_1.68.0
    ##  [23] matrixStats_0.57.0          colorspace_1.4-1
    ##  [25] blob_1.2.1                  rappdirs_0.3.1
    ##  [27] xfun_0.18                   crayon_1.3.4
    ##  [29] RCurl_1.98-1.2              jsonlite_1.7.1
    ##  [31] genefilter_1.72.0           spatstat_1.64-1
    ##  [33] spatstat.data_1.4-3         survival_3.2-7
    ##  [35] zoo_1.8-8                   glue_1.4.2
    ##  [37] polyclip_1.10-0             gtable_0.3.0
    ##  [39] zlibbioc_1.36.0             XVector_0.30.0
    ##  [41] leiden_0.3.3                DelayedArray_0.16.0
    ##  [43] future.apply_1.6.0          BiocGenerics_0.36.0
    ##  [45] abind_1.4-5                 scales_1.1.1
    ##  [47] DBI_1.1.0                   edgeR_3.32.0
    ##  [49] miniUI_0.1.1.1              Rcpp_1.0.5
    ##  [51] widyr_0.1.3                 viridisLite_0.3.0
    ##  [53] xtable_1.8-4                reticulate_1.18
    ##  [55] bit_4.0.4                   rsvd_1.0.3
    ##  [57] preprocessCore_1.52.0       stats4_4.0.3
    ##  [59] htmlwidgets_1.5.2           httr_1.4.2
    ##  [61] RColorBrewer_1.1-2          ellipsis_0.3.1
    ##  [63] Seurat_3.2.2                ica_1.0-2
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    ##  [67] XML_3.99-0.5                uwot_0.1.8
    ##  [69] deldir_0.1-29               locfit_1.5-9.4
    ##  [71] utf8_1.1.4                  labeling_0.4.2
    ##  [73] tidyselect_1.1.0            reshape2_1.4.4
    ##  [75] later_1.1.0.1               AnnotationDbi_1.52.0
    ##  [77] munsell_0.5.0               tools_4.0.3
    ##  [79] cli_2.1.0                   generics_0.0.2
    ##  [81] RSQLite_2.2.1               broom_0.7.2
    ##  [83] ggridges_0.5.2              evaluate_0.14
    ##  [85] stringr_1.4.0               fastmap_1.0.1
    ##  [87] goftest_1.2-2               bit64_4.0.5
    ##  [89] fitdistrplus_1.1-1          RANN_2.6.1
    ##  [91] pbapply_1.4-3               future_1.19.1
    ##  [93] nlme_3.1-150                mime_0.9
    ##  [95] tokenizers_0.2.1            compiler_4.0.3
    ##  [97] plotly_4.9.2.1              png_0.1-7
    ##  [99] e1071_1.7-4                 spatstat.utils_1.17-0
    ## [101] stringi_1.5.3               highr_0.8
    ## [103] lattice_0.20-41             Matrix_1.2-18
    ## [105] markdown_1.1                vctrs_0.3.4
    ## [107] pillar_1.4.6                lifecycle_0.2.0
    ## [109] lmtest_0.9-38               RcppAnnoy_0.0.16
    ## [111] data.table_1.13.2           cowplot_1.1.0
    ## [113] bitops_1.0-6                irlba_2.3.3
    ## [115] httpuv_1.5.4                patchwork_1.0.1
    ## [117] GenomicRanges_1.42.0        R6_2.4.1
    ## [119] promises_1.1.1              KernSmooth_2.23-17
    ## [121] gridExtra_2.3               janeaustenr_0.1.5
    ## [123] IRanges_2.24.0              codetools_0.2-16
    ## [125] MASS_7.3-53                 assertthat_0.2.1
    ## [127] SummarizedExperiment_1.20.0 withr_2.3.0
    ## [129] sctransform_0.3.1           S4Vectors_0.28.0
    ## [131] GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.4      mgcv_1.8-33
    ## [133] parallel_4.0.3              hms_0.5.3
    ## [135] grid_4.0.3                  rpart_4.1-15
    ## [137] class_7.3-17                MatrixGenerics_1.2.0
    ## [139] Rtsne_0.15                  Biobase_2.50.0
    ## [141] shiny_1.5.0