%\VignetteIndexEntry{Automated alternative to the current manual gating practice}
%\VignetteDepends{flowCore}
%\VignetteKeywords{}
%\VignettePackage{flowDensity}
\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\title{flowDensity}
\subtitle{Automated alternative to the current manual gating practice}
\author{Jafar Taghiyar, Mehrnoush Malek}
\begin{document}
\SweaveOpts{concordance=TRUE}
@

\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\section{Licensing}
Under the Artistic License, you are free to use and redistribute this software.
\section{Introduction}
Expert humans use flowJo software to manually gate FCS data files either
individually or by setting a static gate to apply on all the files.
The former is very tedious specially
when there is a large number of files and the cost for the latter is to ignore
characteristics of individual samples.

flowDensity is a supervised clustering algorithm based on density
estimation techniques designed specifically to overcome these problems.
It automates the current practice of manual 2D gating and adjusts the
gates for each FCS data file individually.

Although automated flow cytometry methods developed to date have focused
on fully automated analysis which is especially suited for discovery, they seldom match manual results where this is
desirable (e.g., for diagnosis). In contrast, flowDensity aims to gate predefined cell populations of
interest where the gating strategy, \emph{i.e.}, sequence of gates, is known.
This helps it take advantage of expert knowledge and as a result it often matches manual results very well.
In addition, since flowDensity uses only two dimensions at a time, it is very fast and requires mush less computational power.

\section{How to use flowDensity?}
In order to use flowDensity, the gating strategy is required.
A gating strategy here means the sequence of 2D gates needed to apply one
at a time on a FCS file to eventually extract the cell subset of
interest.

A 2D gate consists of two channels (dimensions) or equivalently a
phenotype with two markers.
In addition, the corresponding expression
level for each channel is given. For example, phenotype ``CD19+CD20-'' has markers CD19 and CD20 with
expression values ``positive'' and ``negative'', respectively.

To use flowDensity, this 2D gate is input to the function \emph{flowDensity(.)}.
The channels in the gate are used for the \emph{channels} argument
and the expression values are used for the \emph{position} argument
of the function.

Let assume for example that CD19 is on channel ``PerCP-Cy5-5-A'' and
CD20 is on channel ``APC-H7-A''. Therefore, the
corresponding input arguments are:

\emph{channels=c(PerCP-Cy5-5-A, APC-H7-A)} and \emph{position=c(TRUE,FALSE)}.

In general, \emph{channels} argument can be set using either
names of the channels or their corresponding indices (column numbers
in the FCS file) and \emph{position} argument could be one the four logical pairs \emph{(TRUE,FALSE)}, \emph{(FALSE,TRUE)}, \emph{(FALSE,FALSE)}
and \emph{(TRUE,TRUE)}. If the user needs to set
the thresholds for only one of the channels, then position for the
other channel must be set to \emph{NA}.

The expression value ``high'' can also be
identified by flowDensity but some specific (optional) arguments must be set accordingly.
More on this later.

In addition to the above arguments, either \emph{cell.population} or
\emph{flow.frame} argument is required where the former is an object
of class ``CellPopulation'' loaded from flowDensity namespace and the
latter is a ``flowFrame'' object loaded from flowCore namespace.

\section{Examples}
In this section we present several examples to elaborate how to use the
\emph{flowDensity(.)} function.
\subsection{Extracting Bcell}
This example shows how to use flowDensity to extract B cells by using
the gating strategy Singlet/viability-CD3-/CD19+CD20+ or
equivalently lsinglets/Bcell. The Figures \ref{fig:sngl}-\ref{fig:bcell} show this.

<<>>=
library(flowCore)
library(flowDensity)
data_dir <- system.file("extdata", package = "flowDensity")
load(list.files(pattern = 'sampleFCS_1', data_dir, full = TRUE))
f
sngl <- flowDensity(f,channels = c("FSC-A","FSC-H"),position = c(F,F),
                    percentile =c(.99999,.99999),use.percentile = c(T,T),
                    ellip.gate = T,scale = .99 )
@

<<label=plotsngl, include=F>>=
plotDens(f,c(1,2))
lines(sngl@filter,type="l")
@
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
<<label=fig1,fig=TRUE, echo=FALSE, width=6>>=
<<plotsngl>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{Gating singlets using ellipsoid gating}
\label{fig:sngl}
\end{figure}

<<>>=
bcell <- flowDensity(sngl, channels=c(9, 3),
                     position=c(FALSE, NA))
@

<<label=plotBcell,include=F>>=
plot(getflowFrame(sngl), bcell)
@

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
<<label=fig2,fig=TRUE, echo=FALSE, width=6>>=
<<plotBcell>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{B cells from gating strategy lymphocytes/singlets/CD3-}
\label{fig:bcell}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Gating rare cell populations}\label{subsec:rarePopulations}
To emulate the practice of expert humans for identification of high, flowDensity provides
two parameters that help fine tune the algorithm for identification of small cell populations. These
parameters are set by providing following arguments in the
\emph{flowDensity(.)} function:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \emph{upper}: This argument is used to identify small cell
    subsets present at the tail or head of the density distribution
    curve where they are typically camouflaged due to the presence of adjacent
    large cell populations. If it is set to ``TRUE'' (``FALSE''),
    flowDensity checks the tail (head) of the density distribution. If it is
    required to use \emph{upper} for one channel and not the other, the ``NA''
    value should be used; for example \emph{upper=c(FALSE,NA)}.
    \item \emph{use.upper}: This argument is only used when the user wants to force the algorithm to use the upper argument no matter 
    how many peaks are found in the density distribution.
  \item \emph{percentile}: This argument gets a value of $[0,1)$ and provides the ability to set a
    threshold based on the percentile of the density distribution. To
    force using this threshold, argument \emph{use.percentile} should
    be set to ``TRUE'', otherwise the percentile threshold will be
    automatically used when appropriate.
\end{itemize}
For example, we can use flowDensity to extract ``plasmablasts'' cell
population as follows:
<<fig=F>>=
CD19pCD20n <- flowDensity(obj=bcell, channels=c(8, 6),
                        position=c(T,F))
plasmablasts <- flowDensity(obj=CD19pCD20n, channels=c(5, 12),
                            position=c(T, T))
plotDens(getflowFrame(CD19pCD20n), plasmablasts@channels, pch=19)
points(plasmablasts@filter, type='l', col=2, lwd=2)
@

<<label=plotPlasmablasts, fig=F, echo=F>>=
plotDens(getflowFrame(CD19pCD20n), plasmablasts@channels, pch=19)
points(plasmablasts@filter, type='l', col=2, lwd=2)
@

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<plotPlasmablasts>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{plasmablasts cell population, a small subset of B cells}
\label{fig:plasmablasts}
\end{figure}
To overcome this problem, flowDensity tracks the slope of the curve of the density distribution by comparing the slope of a window of points on the curve with specific length to examine if it drops below a a threshold relative to the adjacent windows.
This way, once the large cell subset ends and the rare one starts the dramatic change in the slope can be detected by flowDensity and the threshold is set. We call this technique as \emph{slopeTrack}

In seldom cases the slope varies slowly and smoothly so that no relatively huge change is sensed by this technique. If such, the $90^{th}$ percentile is used as a gate.
A rule of thumb is that if the spread of the density distribution is mostly around the mean, \emph{i.e.}, the standard deviation is small relative to the mean, then most likely the trackSlope returns better results than $90^{th}$.
If neither of these techniques are bale to set a proper threshold, the peak value plus a multiplier of the standard deviation is chosen as the threshold.

flowDensity is able to decide on which of these methods to use.
However, the user can also modify this decision by setting certain parameters specifically for tricky cell populations.

In Figure \ref{fig:plasmablasts}, flowDensity has been used to gate ``Plasma blasts'' cell population which is a rare cell subset of CD3+CD19+CD20- cell population.
On the $x$-axis for the marker CD38 the slopeTrack technique is used whereas on the $y$-axis for the markerCD27 HLA-DR the peak plus $1.5\times$standard deviation gives a proper gate.
\footnote{The multiplier 1.5 is the default value of the algorithm. However, it can be both set by user or set via analyzing the density distribution by flowDensity}

To plot the gating results, there is custom \emph{plot(.)} method
where its arguments are a flowFrame object and an object of class
CellPopulation. For example:

where \emph{getflowFrame(.)} function is an accessor to get the
flowFrame of a CellPopulation object.

\subsection{Multiple calls for a single cell population identification}
<<>>=
f <- nmRemove(f, c("FSC-A", "SSC-A"))
#plotDens(f, c("FSC-A", "SSC-A"))
#plot(f, lymph)
@
flowDensity can be used recursively to gate a cell population of interest.

In Figure \ref{fig:lymph-steps}, flowDensity has been used to gate ``lymphocytes'' from CD45 vs SSC. In order to gate lymphocytes more accurate and tighter, flowDensity can be called several times. First time it finds the thresholds for both channels, then returns SSC-CD45+ as an input for the second call. In the last call thresholds of CD45 from the first call and thresholds of SSC from the second call is given to flowDensity to draw ellipse around the lymphocyte population. Figure  \ref{fig:lymph-final} illustrates the last step. In some cases CD45 has only one peak so the percentile of 0.25 is given to flowDensity to detect the right population. For SSC 0.85 would give the optimum threshold.
<<>>=
load(list.files(pattern = 'sampleFCS_2', data_dir, full = TRUE))
f2
channels <- c("V500-A", "SSC-A")
# First call to flowDensity
tmp.cp1 <- flowDensity(obj=f2, channels=channels,
                      position=c(TRUE, FALSE), percentile=c(0.25, NA))
# Second call to flowDensity
tmp.cp2 <- flowDensity(obj=tmp.cp1, channels=channels,
                       position=c(TRUE, FALSE), gates=c(FALSE, NA), 
                       percentile=c(NA, 0.85))
# Final call to flowDensity
lymph <- flowDensity(obj=f2, channels=channels,
                     position=c(TRUE, FALSE), gates=c(tmp.cp1@gates[1], 
                     tmp.cp2@gates[2]), ellip.gate=TRUE, scale=.99)
@

<<label=plotTmp1, include=F>>=
plot(f2, tmp.cp1)
@

<<label=plotLymph2, include=F>>=
plot(f2, tmp.cp2)
@

<<plotFinalLymph2, fig=F>>=
plotDens(f2, channels=channels)
points(lymph@filter, type="l", col=2, lwd=2)
@

\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<plotTmp1>>
@
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<plotLymph2>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{Two steps of gating lymphocytes }
\label{fig:lymph-steps}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<plotFinalLymph2>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{lymphocyte cels}
\label{fig:lymph-final}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Gating cells using a control sample}
To utilize matched control samples (\emph{e.g.} FMO controls), the \textit{flowDensity(.)} function
has parameters that allow control data to be included. When this option is used, the gating threshold
is calculated in the control data and applied to the stimulated data. Control samples are added
using two parameters:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \emph{use.control}: When set to ``TRUE'', flowDensity uses matched control data to
    calculate gating thresholds. This argument can be set for both channels. For example:
    \emph{use.control=c(TRUE, FALSE)}.
  \item \emph{control}: This argument accepts flowFrame or CellPopulation objects containing
    control data matched to the specified stimulated data (passed in the \emph{obj} argument).
    Control samples can be included for one or both of the channels. If no control is to be used,
    the argument should be passed an ``NA'' value (default). For example, if the first channel should
    be gated using a control but the second channel should be gated normally (using the stimulated
    data), the user would specify \emph{control=c(fmo.data, NA)}.
\end{itemize}
When control data is used, the other gating arguments (\emph{upper, percentile, n.sd}, etc.)
are applied to finding the threshold in the control sample instead of the stimulated sample.

For example, an FMO control (\emph{i.e.} negative control) for the `BV421-A' channel can be used
for gating as follows:
<<fig=F>>=
load(list.files(pattern = 'sampleFCS_3.Rdata', data_dir, full = TRUE))
f3
load(list.files(pattern = 'sampleFCS_3_FMO', data_dir, full = TRUE))
f3.fmo
f3.gated <- flowDensity(obj=f3, channels=c('BV421-A', 'FSC-A'),
                        position = c(TRUE, NA),use.control = c(TRUE, F)
                        , control = c(f3.fmo, NA))
f3.fmo.gated <- flowDensity(obj=f3.fmo, channels=c('BV421-A', 'FSC-A'),
                            position=c(TRUE, NA),
                            gates=c(f3.gated@gates[1], NA))
@

When only one peak is present in density, flowDensity prints out a message that can be spressed by verbose=FALSE for each of the marker. This message infroms you about how cutoff was calculated based on the present arguments (percentile, upper, sd.threshold).

<<label=fmoDefault1, fig=F>>=
plot(f3.fmo, f3.fmo.gated)
@

<<label=fmoDefault2, fig=F>>=
plot(f3, f3.gated)
@

\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<fmoDefault1>>
@
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<fmoDefault2>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{Default gate in FMO data applied to itself (top) and stimulated data (bottom)}
\label{fig:fmoDefault}
\end{figure}
Figure \ref{fig:fmoDefault} shows the gating of `BV421-A' on both stimulated and control samples.

For finer control, additional gating arguments can be passed that will be
applied to the control sample. For example, the below example will gate using
the 98th percentile in control data:
<<fig=F>>=
f3.gated.98p <- flowDensity(obj=f3, channels=c('BV421-A', 'FSC-A'),
                            position = c(TRUE, NA),use.percentile = c(TRUE, NA),
                            percentile = 0.98, use.control = c(TRUE, FALSE),
                            control = c(f3.fmo, NA))
f3.fmo.gated.98p <- flowDensity(obj=f3.fmo, channels=c('BV421-A', 'FSC-A'),
                                position = c(TRUE, NA),
                                gates=c(f3.gated.98p@gates[1], NA))
@

<<label=fmoPercentile1, fig=F>>=
plot(f3.fmo, f3.fmo.gated.98p)
@

<<label=fmoPercentile2, fig=F>>=
plot(f3, f3.gated.98p)
@

\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<fmoPercentile1>>
@
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<fmoPercentile2>>
@
\end{center}
\caption{98th percentile gate in FMO data applied to itself (top) and stimulated data (bottom)}
\label{fig:fmoPercentile}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:fmoPercentile} Shows the gating based on 98th percentile gate in FMO data. 

\underline{Note:} When using controls, setting \emph{position=TRUE} will treat the data as
a negative control and extract the population above the threshold. Setting
\emph{position=FALSE} will treat it as a positive control.

\subsection{Selecting threshold using deGate()}
Another option beside flowDensity is deGate() function, which gives better control over cutoffs.
The output is either a number or a vector of all possible cutoffs if all.cuts=T.
In the example below, some of the possibilities are provided 
<<fig=F>>=
load(list.files(pattern = 'sampleFCS_2', data_dir, full = TRUE))
thresholds <- deGate(obj = f2,channel = 9)
#Percentile default is .95, which can be changed
thresholds.prcnt <- deGate(f2,channel = 9,use.percentile=T,percentile=.3) 
thresholds.lo <- deGate(f2,channel = 9,use.upper=T,upper=F,alpha = .9)
thresholds.hi <- deGate(f2,channel = 9,use.upper=T,upper=T,alpha = .9)
@

<<label=deGate, fig=F>>=
plotDens(f2,c(9,12))
abline(v=c(thresholds,thresholds.prcnt,thresholds.lo,thresholds.hi),col=c(1,2,3,4))
@
\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
<<fig=T, echo=F, width=6>>=
<<deGate>>
@

\end{center}
\caption{using upper,percentile and default of deGate}
\label{fig:deGate}
\end{figure}

\end{document}
