# RNAsubopt

RNAsubopt - manual page for RNAsubopt 2.7.0

## Synopsis

    RNAsubopt [OPTION]...

## DESCRIPTION

RNAsubopt 2.7.0

calculate suboptimal secondary structures of RNAs

Reads RNA sequences from stdin and (in the default `-e` mode) calculates all suboptimal secondary structures within a user defined energy range above the minimum free energy (mfe). It prints the suboptimal structures in dot-bracket notation followed by the energy in kcal/mol to stdout. Be careful, the number of structures returned grows exponentially with both sequence length and energy range.

Alternatively, when used with the `-p` option, RNAsubopt produces Boltzmann weighted samples of secondary structures.

-h, --help

  Print help and exit

--detailed-help

  Print help, including all details and hidden options, and exit

--full-help

  Print help, including hidden options, and exit

-V, --version

  Print version and exit

-v, --verbose

  Be verbose. (default=off)

  Lower the log level setting such that even INFO messages are passed through.

### I/O Options:

> Command line options for input and output (pre-)processing

-i, --infile=filename

  Read a file instead of reading from stdin.

  The default behavior of RNAsubopt is to read input from stdin. Using this parameter the user can specify an input file name where data is read from.

-o, --outfile[=filename]

  Print output to file instead of stdout.

  This option may be used to write all output to output files rather than printing to stdout. The default filename is “RNAsubopt_output.sub” if no FASTA header precedes the input sequences and the `--auto-id` feature is inactive. Otherwise, output files with the scheme “prefix.sub” are generated, where the “prefix” is taken from the sequence id. The user may specify a single output file name for all data generated from the input by supplying an optional string as argument to this parameter. In case a file with the same filename already exists, any output of the program will be appended to it. Note: Any special characters in the filename will be replaced by the filename delimiter, hence there is no way to pass an entire directory path through this option yet. (See also the “–filename-delim” parameter)

--noconv

  Do not automatically substitute nucleotide “T” with “U”.

  (default=off)

--auto-id

  Automatically generate an ID for each sequence. (default=off)

  The default mode of RNAsubopt is to automatically determine an ID from the input sequence data if the input file format allows to do that. Sequence IDs are usually given in the FASTA header of input sequences. If this flag is active, RNAsubopt ignores any IDs retrieved from the input and automatically generates an ID for each sequence. This ID consists of a prefix and an increasing number. This flag can also be used to add a FASTA header to the output even if the input has none.

--id-prefix=STRING

  Prefix for automatically generated IDs (as used in output file names).

  (default=”sequence”)

  If this parameter is set, each sequences’ FASTA id will be prefixed with the provided string. FASTA ids then take the form “>prefix_xxxx” where xxxx is the sequence number. Note: Setting this parameter implies `--auto-id`.

--id-delim=CHAR

  Change the delimiter between prefix and increasing number for automatically generated IDs (as used in output file names).

  (default=”_”)

  This parameter can be used to change the default delimiter “_” between the prefix string and the increasing number for automatically generated ID.

--id-digits=INT

  Specify the number of digits of the counter in automatically generated alignment IDs.

  (default=”4”)

  When alignments IDs are automatically generated, they receive an increasing number, starting with 1. This number will always be left-padded by leading zeros, such that the number takes up a certain width. Using this parameter, the width can be specified to the users need. We allow numbers in the range [1:18]. This option implies `--auto-id`.

--id-start=LONG

  Specify the first number in automatically generated IDs.

  (default=”1”)

  When sequence IDs are automatically generated, they receive an increasing number, usually starting with 1. Using this parameter, the first number can be specified to the users requirements. Note: negative numbers are not allowed. Note: Setting this parameter implies to ignore any IDs retrieved from the input data, i.e. it activates the `--auto-id` flag.

--filename-delim=CHAR

  Change the delimiting character used in sanitized filenames.

  (default=”ID-delimiter”)

  This parameter can be used to change the delimiting character used while sanitizing filenames, i.e. replacing invalid characters. Note, that the default delimiter ALWAYS is the first character of the “ID delimiter” as supplied through the `--id-delim` option. If the delimiter is a whitespace character or empty, invalid characters will be simply removed rather than substituted. Currently, we regard the following characters as illegal for use in filenames: backslash `\`, slash `/`, question mark `?`, percent sign `%`, asterisk `*`, colon `:`, pipe symbol `|`, double quote `"`, triangular brackets `<` and `>`.

--filename-full

  Use full FASTA header to create filenames. (default=off)

  This parameter can be used to deactivate the default behavior of limiting output filenames to the first word of the sequence ID. Consider the following example: An input with FASTA header `>NM_0001 Homo Sapiens some gene` usually produces output files with the prefix “NM_0001” without the additional data available in the FASTA header, e.g. “NM_0001.sub”. With this flag set, no truncation of the output filenames is performed, i.e. output filenames receive the full FASTA header data as prefixes. Note, however, that invalid characters (such as whitespace) will be substituted by a delimiting character or simply removed, (see also the parameter option `--filename-delim`).

--log-level=level

  Set log level threshold. (default=”2”)

  By default, any log messages are filtered such that only warnings (level 2) or errors (level 3) are printed. This setting allows for specifying the log level threshold, where higher values result in fewer information. Log-level 5 turns off all messages, even errors and other critical information.

--log-file[=filename]

  Print log messages to a file instead of stderr. (default=”RNAsubopt.log”)

--log-time

  Include time stamp in log messages.

  (default=off)

--log-call

  Include file and line of log calling function.

  (default=off)

### Algorithms:

> Select the algorithms which should be applied to the given RNA sequence(s).

-e, --deltaEnergy=range

  Compute suboptimal structures with energy in a certain range of the optimum (kcal/mol).

  Default is calculation of mfe structure only.

--deltaEnergyPost=range

  Only print structures with energy within range of the mfe after post reevaluation of energies.

  Useful in conjunction with `-logML`, `-d1` or `-d3`: while the `-e` option specifies the range before energies are re-evaluated, this option specifies the maximum energy after re-evaluation.

-s, --sorted

  Sort the suboptimal structures by energy and lexicographical order.

  (default=off)

  Structures are first sorted by energy in ascending order. Within groups of the same energy, structures are then sorted in ascending in lexicographical order of their dot-bracket notation. See the `--en-only` flag to deactivate this second step. Note that sorting is done in memory, thus it can easily lead to exhaution of RAM! This is especially true if the number of structures produced becomes large or the RNA sequence is rather long. In such cases better use an external sort method, such as UNIX “sort”.

--en-only

  Only sort structures by free energy. (default=off)

  In combination with `--sorted`, this flag deactivates the second sorting criteria and sorts structures solely by their free energy instead of additionally sorting by lexicographic order in each energy band. This might save some time during the sorting process in situations where lexicographic order is not required.

-p, --stochBT=number

  Randomly draw structures according to their probability in the Boltzmann ensemble.

  Instead of producing all suboptimals in an energy range, produce a random sample of suboptimal structures, drawn with probabilities equal to their Boltzmann weights via stochastic backtracking in the partition function. The `-e` and `-p` options are mutually exclusive.

--stochBT_en=number

  Same as “–stochBT” but also print free energies and probabilities of the backtraced structures.

--random-seed=INT

  Set the seed for the random number generator

--betaScale=DOUBLE

  Set the scaling of the Boltzmann factors. (default=”1.”)

  The argument provided with this option is used to scale the thermodynamic temperature in the Boltzmann factors independently from the temperature of the individual loop energy contributions. The Boltzmann factors then become `exp(- dG/(kT*betaScale))` where `k` is the Boltzmann constant, `dG` the free energy contribution of the state and `T` the absolute temperature.

-N, --nonRedundant

  Enable non-redundant sampling strategy.

  (default=off)

-S, --pfScale=DOUBLE

  In the calculation of the pf use scale*mfe as an estimate for the ensemble free energy (used to avoid overflows).

  (default=”1.07”)

  The default is 1.07, useful values are 1.0 to 1.2. Occasionally needed for long sequences.

-c, --circ

  Assume a circular (instead of linear) RNA molecule.

  (default=off)

-D, --dos

  Compute density of states instead of secondary structures.

  (default=off)

  This option enables the evaluation of the number of secondary structures in certain energy bands around the MFE.

-z, --zuker

  Compute Zuker suboptimals instead of all suboptimal structures within an energy band around the MFE.

  (default=off)

-g, --gquad

  Incoorporate G-Quadruplex formation. (default=off)

  No support of G-quadruplex prediction for stochastic backtracking and Zuker-style suboptimals yet).

### Structure Constraints:

> Command line options to interact with the structure constraints feature of this program

--maxBPspan=INT

  Set the maximum base pair span.

  (default=”-1”)

-C, --constraint[=filename]

  Calculate structures subject to constraints. (default=””)

  The program reads first the sequence, then a string containing constraints on the structure encoded with the symbols:

  `.` (no constraint for this base)

  `|` (the corresponding base has to be paired

  `x` (the base is unpaired)

  `<` (base i is paired with a base j>i)

  `>` (base i is paired with a base j<i)

  and matching brackets `(` `)` (base i pairs base j)

  With the exception of `|`, constraints will disallow all pairs conflicting with the constraint. This is usually sufficient to enforce the constraint, but occasionally a base may stay unpaired in spite of constraints. PF folding ignores constraints of type `|`.

--batch

  Use constraints for multiple sequences. (default=off)

  Usually, constraints provided from input file only apply to a single input sequence. Therefore, RNAsubopt will stop its computation and quit after the first input sequence was processed. Using this switch, RNAsubopt processes multiple input sequences and applies the same provided constraints to each of them.

--canonicalBPonly

  Remove non-canonical base pairs from the structure constraint.

  (default=off)

--enforceConstraint

  Enforce base pairs given by round brackets `(` `)` in structure constraint.

  (default=off)

--shape=filename

  Use SHAPE reactivity data to guide structure predictions.

--shapeMethod=method

  Select SHAPE reactivity data incorporation strategy.

  (default=”D”)

  The following methods can be used to convert SHAPE reactivities into pseudo energy contributions.

  `D`: Convert by using the linear equation according to Deigan et al 2009.

  Derived pseudo energy terms will be applied for every nucleotide involved in a stacked pair. This method is recognized by a capital `D` in the provided parameter, i.e.: `--shapeMethod=`”D” is the default setting. The slope `m` and the intercept `b` can be set to a non-default value if necessary, otherwise m=1.8 and b=-0.6. To alter these parameters, e.g. m=1.9 and b=-0.7, use a parameter string like this: `--shapeMethod=`”Dm1.9b-0.7”. You may also provide only one of the two parameters like: `--shapeMethod=`”Dm1.9” or `--shapeMethod=`”Db-0.7”.

  `Z`: Convert SHAPE reactivities to pseudo energies according to Zarringhalam

  et al 2012. SHAPE reactivities will be converted to pairing probabilities by using linear mapping. Aberration from the observed pairing probabilities will be penalized during the folding recursion. The magnitude of the penalties can affected by adjusting the factor beta (e.g. `--shapeMethod=`”Zb0.8”).

  `W`: Apply a given vector of perturbation energies to unpaired nucleotides

  according to Washietl et al 2012. Perturbation vectors can be calculated by using RNApvmin.

--shapeConversion=method

  Select method for SHAPE reactivity conversion.

  (default=”O”)

  This parameter is useful when dealing with the SHAPE incorporation according to Zarringhalam et al. The following methods can be used to convert SHAPE reactivities into the probability for a certain nucleotide to be unpaired.

  `M`: Use linear mapping according to Zarringhalam et al. `C`: Use a cutoff-approach to divide into paired and unpaired nucleotides (e.g. “C0.25”) `S`: Skip the normalizing step since the input data already represents probabilities for being unpaired rather than raw reactivity values `L`: Use a linear model to convert the reactivity into a probability for being unpaired (e.g. “Ls0.68i0.2” to use a slope of 0.68 and an intercept of 0.2) `O`: Use a linear model to convert the log of the reactivity into a probability for being unpaired (e.g. “Os1.6i-2.29” to use a slope of 1.6 and an intercept of `-2`.29)

--commands=filename

  Read additional commands from file

  Commands include hard and soft constraints, but also structure motifs in hairpin and internal loops that need to be treeted differently. Furthermore, commands can be set for unstructured and structured domains.

### Energy Parameters:

> Energy parameter sets can be adapted or loaded from user-provided input files

-T, --temp=DOUBLE

  Rescale energy parameters to a temperature of temp C. Default is 37C.

  (default=”37.0”)

-P, --paramFile=paramfile

  Read energy parameters from paramfile, instead of using the default parameter set.

  Different sets of energy parameters for RNA and DNA should accompany your distribution. See the RNAlib documentation for details on the file format. The placeholder file name `DNA` can be used to load DNA parameters without the need to actually specify any input file.

-4, --noTetra

  Do not include special tabulated stabilizing energies for tri-, tetra- and hexaloop hairpins.

  (default=off)

  Mostly for testing.

--salt=DOUBLE

  Set salt concentration in molar (M). Default is 1.021M.

-m, --modifications[=STRING]

  Allow for modified bases within the RNA sequence string.

  (default=”7I6P9D”)

  Treat modified bases within the RNA sequence differently, i.e. use corresponding energy corrections and/or pairing partner rules if available. For that, the modified bases in the input sequence must be marked by their corresponding one-letter code. If no additional arguments are supplied, all available corrections are performed. Otherwise, the user may limit the modifications to a particular subset of modifications, resp. one-letter codes, e.g. `-mP6` will only correct for pseudouridine and m6A bases.

  Currently supported one-letter codes and energy corrections are:

  `7`: 7-deaza-adenonsine (7DA)

  `I`: Inosine

  `6`: N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

  `P`: Pseudouridine

  `9`: Purine (a.k.a. nebularine)

  `D`: Dihydrouridine

--mod-file=STRING

  Use additional modified base data from JSON file.

### Model Details:

> Tweak the energy model and pairing rules additionally using the following parameters

-d, --dangles=INT

  How to treat “dangling end” energies for bases adjacent to helices in free ends and multi-loops.

  (default=”2”)

  With `-d1` only unpaired bases can participate in at most one dangling end. With `-d2` this check is ignored, dangling energies will be added for the bases adjacent to a helix on both sides in any case; this is the default for mfe and partition function folding (`-p`). The option `-d0` ignores dangling ends altogether (mostly for debugging). With `-d3` mfe folding will allow coaxial stacking of adjacent helices in multi-loops. At the moment the implementation will not allow coaxial stacking of the two enclosed pairs in a loop of degree 3 and works only for mfe folding.

  Note that with `-d1` and `-d3` only the MFE computations will be using this setting while partition function uses `-d2` setting, i.e. dangling ends will be treated differently.

--noLP

  Produce structures without lonely pairs (helices of length 1).

  (default=off)

  For partition function folding this only disallows pairs that can only occur isolated. Other pairs may still occasionally occur as helices of length 1.

--noGU

  Do not allow GU pairs.

  (default=off)

--noClosingGU

  Do not allow GU pairs at the end of helices.

  (default=off)

--logML

  Recompute energies of structures using a logarithmic energy function for multi-loops before output. (default=off)

  This option does not effect structure generation, only the energies that are printed out. Since logML lowers energies somewhat, some structures may be missing.

--nsp=STRING

  Allow other pairs in addition to the usual AU,GC,and GU pairs.

  Its argument is a comma separated list of additionally allowed pairs. If the first character is a “-” then AB will imply that AB and BA are allowed pairs, e.g. `--nsp=`”-GA” will allow GA and AG pairs. Nonstandard pairs are given 0 stacking energy.

--energyModel=INT

  Set energy model.

  Rarely used option to fold sequences from the artificial ABCD… alphabet, where A pairs B, C-D etc. Use the energy parameters for GC (`--energyModel` 1) or AU (`--energyModel` 2) pairs.

--helical-rise=FLOAT

  Set the helical rise of the helix in units of Angstrom.

  (default=”2.8”)

  Use with caution! This value will be re-set automatically to 3.4 in case DNA parameters are loaded via `-P` DNA and no further value is provided.

--backbone-length=FLOAT

  Set the average backbone length for looped regions in units of Angstrom.

  (default=”6.0”)

  Use with caution! This value will be re-set automatically to 6.76 in case DNA parameters are loaded via `-P` DNA and no further value is provided.

## REFERENCES

If you use this program in your work you might want to cite:

R. Lorenz, S.H. Bernhart, C. Hoener zu Siederdissen, H. Tafer, C. Flamm, P.F. Stadler and I.L. Hofacker (2011), “ViennaRNA Package 2.0”, Algorithms for Molecular Biology: 6:26

I.L. Hofacker, W. Fontana, P.F. Stadler, S. Bonhoeffer, M. Tacker, P. Schuster (1994), “Fast Folding and Comparison of RNA Secondary Structures”, Monatshefte f. Chemie: 125, pp 167-188

R. Lorenz, I.L. Hofacker, P.F. Stadler (2016), “RNA folding with hard and soft constraints”, Algorithms for Molecular Biology 11:1 pp 1-13

S. Wuchty, W. Fontana, I. L. Hofacker and P. Schuster (1999), “Complete Suboptimal Folding of RNA and the Stability of Secondary Structures”, Biopolymers: 49, pp 145-165

M. Zuker (1989), “On Finding All Suboptimal Foldings of an RNA Molecule”, Science 244.4900, pp 48-52

Y. Ding, and C.E. Lawrence (2003), “A statistical sampling algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction”, Nucleic Acids Research 31.24, pp 7280-7301

The energy parameters are taken from:

D.H. Mathews, M.D. Disney, D. Matthew, J.L. Childs, S.J. Schroeder, J. Susan, M. Zuker, D.H. Turner (2004), “Incorporating chemical modification constraints into a dynamic programming algorithm for prediction of RNA secondary structure”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA: 101, pp 7287-7292

D.H Turner, D.H. Mathews (2009), “NNDB: The nearest neighbor parameter database for predicting stability of nucleic acid secondary structure”, Nucleic Acids Research: 38, pp 280-282

## AUTHOR

Ivo L Hofacker, Stefan Wuchty, Walter Fontana, Ronny Lorenz

## REPORTING BUGS

If in doubt our program is right, nature is at fault. Comments should be sent to rna@tbi.univie.ac.at.