# Glossary

Access control list

  X maintains a list of hosts from which client programs can be run. By default, only programs on the local host and hosts specified in an initial list read by the server can use the display. This access control list can be changed by clients on the local host. Some server implementations can also implement other authorization mechanisms in addition to or in place of this mechanism. The action of this mechanism can be conditional based on the authorization protocol name and data received by the server at connection setup.

Active grab

  A grab is active when the pointer or keyboard is actually owned by the single grabbing client.

Ancestors

  If W is an inferior of A, then A is an ancestor of W.

Atom

  An atom is a unique ID corresponding to a string name. Atoms are used to identify properties, types, and selections.

Background

  An InputOutput window can have a background, which is defined as a pixmap. When regions of the window have their contents lost or invalidated, the server automatically tiles those regions with the background.

Backing store

  When a server maintains the contents of a window, the pixels saved off-screen are known as a backing store.

Base font name

  A font name used to select a family of fonts whose members may be encoded in various charsets. The CharSetRegistry and CharSetEncoding fields of an XLFD name identify the charset of the font. A base font name may be a full XLFD name, with all fourteen '-' delimiters, or an abbreviated XLFD name containing only the first 12 fields of an XLFD name, up to but not including CharSetRegistry, with or without the thirteenth '-', or a non-XLFD name. Any XLFD fields may contain wild cards.

  When creating an XFontSet, Xlib accepts from the client a list of one or more base font names which select one or more font families. They are combined with charset names obtained from the encoding of the locale to load the fonts required to render text.

Bit gravity

  When a window is resized, the contents of the window are not necessarily discarded. It is possible to request that the server relocate the previous contents to some region of the window (though no guarantees are made). This attraction of window contents for some location of a window is known as bit gravity.

Bit plane

  When a pixmap or window is thought of as a stack of bitmaps, each bitmap is called a bit plane or plane.

Bitmap

  A bitmap is a pixmap of depth one.

Border

  An InputOutput window can have a border of equal thickness on all four sides of the window. The contents of the border are defined by a pixmap, and the server automatically maintains the contents of the border. Exposure events are never generated for border regions.

Button grabbing

  Buttons on the pointer can be passively grabbed by a client. When the button is pressed, the pointer is then actively grabbed by the client.

Byte order

  For image (pixmap/bitmap) data, the server defines the byte order, and clients with different native byte ordering must swap bytes as necessary. For all other parts of the protocol, the client defines the byte order, and the server swaps bytes as necessary.

Character

  A member of a set of elements used for the organization, control, or representation of text (ISO2022, as adapted by XPG3). Note that in ISO2022 terms, a character is not bound to a coded value until it is identified as part of a coded character set.

Character glyph

  The abstract graphical symbol for a character. Character glyphs may or may not map one-to-one to font glyphs, and may be context-dependent, varying with the adjacent characters. Multiple characters may map to a single character glyph.

Character set

  A collection of characters.

Charset

  An encoding with a uniform, state-independent mapping from characters to codepoints. A coded character set.

  For display in X, there can be a direct mapping from a charset to one font, if the width of all characters in the charset is either one or two bytes. A text string encoded in an encoding such as Shift-JIS cannot be passed directly to the X server, because the text imaging requests accept only single-width charsets (either 8 or 16 bits). Charsets which meet these restrictions can serve as ``font charsets''. Font charsets strictly speaking map font indices to font glyphs, not characters to character glyphs.

  Note that a single font charset is sometimes used as the encoding of a locale, for example, ISO8859-1.

Children

  The children of a window are its first-level subwindows.

Class

  Windows can be of different classes or types. See the entries for InputOnly and InputOutput windows for further information about valid window types.

Client

  An application program connects to the window system server by some interprocess communication (IPC) path, such as a TCP connection or a shared memory buffer. This program is referred to as a client of the window system server. More precisely, the client is the IPC path itself. A program with multiple paths open to the server is viewed as multiple clients by the protocol. Resource lifetimes are controlled by connection lifetimes, not by program lifetimes.

Clipping region

  In a graphics context, a bitmap or list of rectangles can be specified to restrict output to a particular region of the window. The image defined by the bitmap or rectangles is called a clipping region.

Coded character

  A character bound to a codepoint.

Coded character set

  A set of unambiguous rules that establishes a character set and the one-to-one relationship between each character of the set and its bit representation. (ISO2022, as adapted by XPG3) A definition of a one-to-one mapping of a set of characters to a set of codepoints.

Codepoint

  The coded representation of a single character in a coded character set.

Colormap

  A colormap consists of a set of entries defining color values. The colormap associated with a window is used to display the contents of the window; each pixel value indexes the colormap to produce an RGB value that drives the guns of a monitor. Depending on hardware limitations, one or more colormaps can be installed at one time so that windows associated with those maps display with true colors.

Connection

  The IPC path between the server and client program is known as a connection. A client program typically (but not necessarily) has one connection to the server over which requests and events are sent.

Containment

  A window contains the pointer if the window is viewable and the hotspot of the cursor is within a visible region of the window or a visible region of one of its inferiors. The border of the window is included as part of the window for containment. The pointer is in a window if the window contains the pointer but no inferior contains the pointer.

Coordinate system

  The coordinate system has X horizontal and Y vertical, with the origin [0, 0] at the upper left. Coordinates are integral and coincide with pixel centers. Each window and pixmap has its own coordinate system. For a window, the origin is inside the border at the inside upper-left corner.

Cursor

  A cursor is the visible shape of the pointer on a screen. It consists of a hotspot, a source bitmap, a shape bitmap, and a pair of colors. The cursor defined for a window controls the visible appearance when the pointer is in that window.

Depth

  The depth of a window or pixmap is the number of bits per pixel it has. The depth of a graphics context is the depth of the drawables it can be used in conjunction with graphics output.

Device

  Keyboards, mice, tablets, track-balls, button boxes, and so on are all collectively known as input devices. Pointers can have one or more buttons (the most common number is three). The core protocol only deals with two devices: the keyboard and the pointer.

DirectColor

  DirectColor is a class of colormap in which a pixel value is decomposed into three separate subfields for indexing. The first subfield indexes an array to produce red intensity values. The second subfield indexes a second array to produce blue intensity values. The third subfield indexes a third array to produce green intensity values. The RGB (red, green, and blue) values in the colormap entry can be changed dynamically.

Display

  A server, together with its screens and input devices, is called a display. The Xlib Display structure contains all information about the particular display and its screens as well as the state that Xlib needs to communicate with the display over a particular connection.

Drawable

  Both windows and pixmaps can be used as sources and destinations in graphics operations. These windows and pixmaps are collectively known as drawables. However, an InputOnly window cannot be used as a source or destination in a graphics operation.

Encoding

  A set of unambiguous rules that establishes a character set and a relationship between the characters and their representations. The character set does not have to be fixed to a finite pre-defined set of characters. The representations do not have to be of uniform length. Examples are an ISO2022 graphic set, a state-independent or state-dependent combination of graphic sets, possibly including control sets, and the X Compound Text encoding.

  In X, encodings are identified by a string which appears as: the CharSetRegistry and CharSetEncoding components of an XLFD name; the name of a charset of the locale for which a font could not be found; or an atom which identifies the encoding of a text property or which names an encoding for a text selection target type. Encoding names should be composed of characters from the X Portable Character Set.

Escapement

  The escapement of a string is the distance in pixels in the primary draw direction from the drawing origin to the origin of the next character (that is, the one following the given string) to be drawn.

Event

  Clients are informed of information asynchronously by means of events. These events can be either asynchronously generated from devices or generated as side effects of client requests. Events are grouped into types. The server never sends an event to a client unless the client has specifically asked to be informed of that type of event. However, clients can force events to be sent to other clients. Events are typically reported relative to a window.

Event mask

  Events are requested relative to a window. The set of event types a client requests relative to a window is described by using an event mask.

Event propagation

  Device-related events propagate from the source window to ancestor windows until some client has expressed interest in handling that type of event or until the event is discarded explicitly.

Event source

  The deepest viewable window that the pointer is in is called the source of a device-related event.

Event synchronization

  There are certain race conditions possible when demultiplexing device events to clients (in particular, deciding where pointer and keyboard events should be sent when in the middle of window management operations). The event synchronization mechanism allows synchronous processing of device events.

Exposure event

  Servers do not guarantee to preserve the contents of windows when windows are obscured or reconfigured. Exposure events are sent to clients to inform them when contents of regions of windows have been lost.

Extension

  Named extensions to the core protocol can be defined to extend the system. Extensions to output requests, resources, and event types are all possible and expected.

Font

  A font is an array of glyphs (typically characters). The protocol does no translation or interpretation of character sets. The client simply indicates values used to index the glyph array. A font contains additional metric information to determine interglyph and interline spacing.

Font glyph

  The abstract graphical symbol for an index into a font.

Frozen events

  Clients can freeze event processing during keyboard and pointer grabs.

GC

  GC is an abbreviation for graphics context. See Graphics context.

Glyph

  An identified abstract graphical symbol independent of any actual image. (ISO/IEC/DIS 9541-1) An abstract visual representation of a graphic character, not bound to a codepoint.

Glyph image

  An image of a glyph, as obtained from a glyph representation displayed on a presentation surface. (ISO/IEC/DIS 9541-1)

Grab

  Keyboard keys, the keyboard, pointer buttons, the pointer, and the server can be grabbed for exclusive use by a client. In general, these facilities are not intended to be used by normal applications but are intended for various input and window managers to implement various styles of user interfaces.

Graphics context

  Various information for graphics output is stored in a graphics context (GC), such as foreground pixel, background pixel, line width, clipping region, and so on. A graphics context can only be used with drawables that have the same root and the same depth as the graphics context.

Gravity

  The contents of windows and windows themselves have a gravity, which determines how the contents move when a window is resized. See Bit gravity and Window gravity.

GrayScale

  GrayScale can be viewed as a degenerate case of PseudoColor, in which the red, green, and blue values in any given colormap entry are equal and thus, produce shades of gray. The gray values can be changed dynamically.

Host Portable Character Encoding

  The encoding of the X Portable Character Set on the host. The encoding itself is not defined by this standard, but the encoding must be the same in all locales supported by Xlib on the host. If a string is said to be in the Host Portable Character Encoding, then it only contains characters from the X Portable Character Set, in the host encoding.

Hotspot

  A cursor has an associated hotspot, which defines the point in the cursor corresponding to the coordinates reported for the pointer.

Identifier

  An identifier is a unique value associated with a resource that clients use to name that resource. The identifier can be used over any connection to name the resource.

Inferiors

  The inferiors of a window are all of the subwindows nested below it: the children, the children's children, and so on.

Input focus

  The input focus is usually a window defining the scope for processing of keyboard input. If a generated keyboard event usually would be reported to this window or one of its inferiors, the event is reported as usual. Otherwise, the event is reported with respect to the focus window. The input focus also can be set such that all keyboard events are discarded and such that the focus window is dynamically taken to be the root window of whatever screen the pointer is on at each keyboard event.

Input manager

  Control over keyboard input is typically provided by an input manager client, which usually is part of a window manager.

InputOnly window

  An InputOnly window is a window that cannot be used for graphics requests. InputOnly windows are invisible and are used to control such things as cursors, input event generation, and grabbing. InputOnly windows cannot have InputOutput windows as inferiors.

InputOutput window

  An InputOutput window is the normal kind of window that is used for both input and output. InputOutput windows can have both InputOutput and InputOnly windows as inferiors.

Internationalization

  The process of making software adaptable to the requirements of different native languages, local customs, and character string encodings. Making a computer program adaptable to different locales without program source modifications or recompilation.

ISO2022

  ISO standard for code extension techniques for 7-bit and 8-bit coded character sets.

Key grabbing

  Keys on the keyboard can be passively grabbed by a client. When the key is pressed, the keyboard is then actively grabbed by the client.

Keyboard grabbing

  A client can actively grab control of the keyboard, and key events will be sent to that client rather than the client the events would normally have been sent to.

Keysym

  An encoding of a symbol on a keycap on a keyboard.

Latin-1

  The coded character set defined by the ISO8859-1 standard.

Latin Portable Character Encoding

  The encoding of the X Portable Character Set using the Latin-1 codepoints plus ASCII control characters. If a string is said to be in the Latin Portable Character Encoding, then it only contains characters from the X Portable Character Set, not all of Latin-1.

Locale

  The international environment of a computer program defining the ``localized'' behavior of that program at run-time. This information can be established from one or more sets of localization data. ANSI C defines locale-specific processing by C system library calls. See ANSI C and the X/Open Portability Guide specifications for more details. In this specification, on implementations that conform to the ANSI C library, the ``current locale'' is the current setting of the LC_CTYPE `setlocale` category. Associated with each locale is a text encoding. When text is processed in the context of a locale, the text must be in the encoding of the locale. The current locale affects Xlib in its:

  - Encoding and processing of input method text

  - Encoding of resource files and values

  - Encoding and imaging of text strings

  - Encoding and decoding for inter-client text communication

Locale name

  The identifier used to select the desired locale for the host C library and X library functions. On ANSI C library compliant systems, the locale argument to the `setlocale` function.

Localization

  The process of establishing information within a computer system specific to the operation of particular native languages, local customs and coded character sets. (XPG3)

Mapped

  A window is said to be mapped if a map call has been performed on it. Unmapped windows and their inferiors are never viewable or visible.

Modifier keys

  Shift, Control, Meta, Super, Hyper, Alt, Compose, Apple, CapsLock, ShiftLock, and similar keys are called modifier keys.

Monochrome

  Monochrome is a special case of StaticGray in which there are only two colormap entries.

Multibyte

  A character whose codepoint is stored in more than one byte; any encoding which can contain multibyte characters; text in a multibyte encoding. The ``char *'' null-terminated string datatype in ANSI C. Note that references in this document to multibyte strings imply only that the strings may contain multibyte characters.

Obscure

  A window is obscured if some other window obscures it. A window can be partially obscured and so still have visible regions. Window A obscures window B if both are viewable InputOutput windows, if A is higher in the global stacking order, and if the rectangle defined by the outside edges of A intersects the rectangle defined by the outside edges of B. Note the distinction between obscures and occludes. Also note that window borders are included in the calculation.

Occlude

  A window is occluded if some other window occludes it. Window A occludes window B if both are mapped, if A is higher in the global stacking order, and if the rectangle defined by the outside edges of A intersects the rectangle defined by the outside edges of B. Note the distinction between occludes and obscures. Also note that window borders are included in the calculation and that InputOnly windows never obscure other windows but can occlude other windows.

Padding

  Some padding bytes are inserted in the data stream to maintain alignment of the protocol requests on natural boundaries. This increases ease of portability to some machine architectures.

Parent window

  If C is a child of P, then P is the parent of C.

Passive grab

  Grabbing a key or button is a passive grab. The grab activates when the key or button is actually pressed.

Pixel value

  A pixel is an N-bit value, where N is the number of bit planes used in a particular window or pixmap (that is, is the depth of the window or pixmap). A pixel in a window indexes a colormap to derive an actual color to be displayed.

Pixmap

  A pixmap is a three-dimensional array of bits. A pixmap is normally thought of as a two-dimensional array of pixels, where each pixel can be a value from 0 to 2N-1, and where N is the depth (z axis) of the pixmap. A pixmap can also be thought of as a stack of N bitmaps. A pixmap can only be used on the screen that it was created in.

Plane

  When a pixmap or window is thought of as a stack of bitmaps, each bitmap is called a plane or bit plane.

Plane mask

  Graphics operations can be restricted to only affect a subset of bit planes of a destination. A plane mask is a bit mask describing which planes are to be modified. The plane mask is stored in a graphics context.

Pointer

  The pointer is the pointing device currently attached to the cursor and tracked on the screens.

Pointer grabbing

  A client can actively grab control of the pointer. Then button and motion events will be sent to that client rather than the client the events would normally have been sent to.

Pointing device

  A pointing device is typically a mouse, tablet, or some other device with effective dimensional motion. The core protocol defines only one visible cursor, which tracks whatever pointing device is attached as the pointer.

POSIX

  Portable Operating System Interface, ISO/IEC 9945-1 (IEEE Std 1003.1).

POSIX Portable Filename Character Set

  The set of 65 characters which can be used in naming files on a POSIX-compliant host that are correctly processed in all locales. The set is:

  a..z A..Z 0..9 ._-

Property

  Windows can have associated properties that consist of a name, a type, a data format, and some data. The protocol places no interpretation on properties. They are intended as a general-purpose naming mechanism for clients. For example, clients might use properties to share information such as resize hints, program names, and icon formats with a window manager.

Property list

  The property list of a window is the list of properties that have been defined for the window.

PseudoColor

  PseudoColor is a class of colormap in which a pixel value indexes the colormap entry to produce an independent RGB value; that is, the colormap is viewed as an array of triples (RGB values). The RGB values can be changed dynamically.

Rectangle

  A rectangle specified by [x,y,w,h] has an infinitely thin outline path with corners at [x,y], [x+w,y], [x+w,y+h], and [x, y+h]. When a rectangle is filled, the lower-right edges are not drawn. For example, if w=h=0, nothing would be drawn. For w=h=1, a single pixel would be drawn.

Redirecting control

  Window managers (or client programs) may enforce window layout policy in various ways. When a client attempts to change the size or position of a window, the operation may be redirected to a specified client rather than the operation actually being performed.

Reply

  Information requested by a client program using the X protocol is sent back to the client with a reply. Both events and replies are multiplexed on the same connection. Most requests do not generate replies, but some requests generate multiple replies.

Request

  A command to the server is called a request. It is a single block of data sent over a connection.

Resource

  Windows, pixmaps, cursors, fonts, graphics contexts, and colormaps are known as resources. They all have unique identifiers associated with them for naming purposes. The lifetime of a resource usually is bounded by the lifetime of the connection over which the resource was created.

RGB values

  RGB values are the red, green, and blue intensity values that are used to define a color. These values are always represented as 16-bit, unsigned numbers, with 0 the minimum intensity and 65535 the maximum intensity. The X server scales these values to match the display hardware.

Root

  The root of a pixmap or graphics context is the same as the root of whatever drawable was used when the pixmap or GC was created. The root of a window is the root window under which the window was created.

Root window

  Each screen has a root window covering it. The root window cannot be reconfigured or unmapped, but otherwise it acts as a full-fledged window. A root window has no parent.

Save set

  The save set of a client is a list of other clients' windows that, if they are inferiors of one of the client's windows at connection close, should not be destroyed and that should be remapped if currently unmapped. Save sets are typically used by window managers to avoid lost windows if the manager should terminate abnormally.

Scanline

  A scanline is a list of pixel or bit values viewed as a horizontal row (all values having the same y coordinate) of an image, with the values ordered by increasing the x coordinate.

Scanline order

  An image represented in scanline order contains scanlines ordered by increasing the y coordinate.

Screen

  A server can provide several independent screens, which typically have physically independent monitors. This would be the expected configuration when there is only a single keyboard and pointer shared among the screens. A Screen structure contains the information about that screen and is linked to the Display structure.

Selection

  A selection can be thought of as an indirect property with dynamic type. That is, rather than having the property stored in the X server, it is maintained by some client (the owner). A selection is global and is thought of as belonging to the user and being maintained by clients, rather than being private to a particular window subhierarchy or a particular set of clients. When a client asks for the contents of a selection, it specifies a selection target type, which can be used to control the transmitted representation of the contents. For example, if the selection is ``the last thing the user clicked on,'' and that is currently an image, then the target type might specify whether the contents of the image should be sent in XY format or Z format.

  The target type can also be used to control the class of contents transmitted; for example, asking for the ``looks'' (fonts, line spacing, indentation, and so forth) of a paragraph selection, rather than the text of the paragraph. The target type can also be used for other purposes. The protocol does not constrain the semantics.

Server

  The server, which is also referred to as the X server, provides the basic windowing mechanism. It handles IPC connections from clients, multiplexes graphics requests onto the screens, and demultiplexes input back to the appropriate clients.

Server grabbing

  The server can be grabbed by a single client for exclusive use. This prevents processing of any requests from other client connections until the grab is completed. This is typically only a transient state for such things as rubber-banding, pop-up menus, or executing requests indivisibly.

Shift sequence

  ISO2022 defines control characters and escape sequences which temporarily (single shift) or permanently (locking shift) cause a different character set to be in effect (``invoking'' a character set).

Sibling

  Children of the same parent window are known as sibling windows.

Stacking order

  Sibling windows, similar to sheets of paper on a desk, can stack on top of each other. Windows above both obscure and occlude lower windows. The relationship between sibling windows is known as the stacking order.

State-dependent encoding

  An encoding in which an invocation of a charset can apply to multiple characters in sequence. A state-dependent encoding begins in an ``initial state'' and enters other ``shift states'' when specific ``shift sequences'' are encountered in the byte sequence. In ISO2022 terms, this means use of locking shifts, not single shifts.

State-independent encoding

  Any encoding in which the invocations of the charsets are fixed, or span only a single character. In ISO2022 terms, this means use of at most single shifts, not locking shifts.

StaticColor

  StaticColor can be viewed as a degenerate case of PseudoColor in which the RGB values are predefined and read-only.

StaticGray

  StaticGray can be viewed as a degenerate case of GrayScale in which the gray values are predefined and read-only. The values are typically linear or near-linear increasing ramps.

Status

  Many Xlib functions return a success status. If the function does not succeed, however, its arguments are not disturbed.

Stipple

  A stipple pattern is a bitmap that is used to tile a region to serve as an additional clip mask for a fill operation with the foreground color.

STRING encoding

  Latin-1, plus tab and newline.

String Equivalence

  Two ISO Latin-1 STRING8 values are considered equal if they are the same length and if corresponding bytes are either equal or are equivalent as follows: decimal values 65 to 90 inclusive (characters ``A'' to ``Z'') are pairwise equivalent to decimal values 97 to 122 inclusive (characters ``a'' to ``z''), decimal values 192 to 214 inclusive (characters ``A grave'' to ``O diaeresis'') are pairwise equivalent to decimal values 224 to 246 inclusive (characters ``a grave'' to ``o diaeresis''), and decimal values 216 to 222 inclusive (characters ``O oblique'' to ``THORN'') are pairwise equivalent to decimal values 246 to 254 inclusive (characters ``o oblique'' to ``thorn'').

Tile

  A pixmap can be replicated in two dimensions to tile a region. The pixmap itself is also known as a tile.

Timestamp

  A timestamp is a time value expressed in milliseconds. It is typically the time since the last server reset. Timestamp values wrap around (after about 49.7 days). The server, given its current time is represented by timestamp T, always interprets timestamps from clients by treating half of the timestamp space as being earlier in time than T and half of the timestamp space as being later in time than T. One timestamp value, represented by the constant CurrentTime, is never generated by the server. This value is reserved for use in requests to represent the current server time.

TrueColor

  TrueColor can be viewed as a degenerate case of DirectColor in which the subfields in the pixel value directly encode the corresponding RGB values. That is, the colormap has predefined read-only RGB values. The values are typically linear or near-linear increasing ramps.

Type

  A type is an arbitrary atom used to identify the interpretation of property data. Types are completely uninterpreted by the server. They are solely for the benefit of clients. X predefines type atoms for many frequently used types, and clients also can define new types.

Viewable

  A window is viewable if it and all of its ancestors are mapped. This does not imply that any portion of the window is actually visible. Graphics requests can be performed on a window when it is not viewable, but output will not be retained unless the server is maintaining backing store.

Visible

  A region of a window is visible if someone looking at the screen can actually see it; that is, the window is viewable and the region is not occluded by any other window.

Whitespace

  Any spacing character. On implementations that conform to the ANSI C library, whitespace is any character for which `isspace` returns true.

Window gravity

  When windows are resized, subwindows may be repositioned automatically relative to some position in the window. This attraction of a subwindow to some part of its parent is known as window gravity.

Window manager

  Manipulation of windows on the screen and much of the user interface (policy) is typically provided by a window manager client.

X Portable Character Set

  A basic set of 97 characters which are assumed to exist in all locales supported by Xlib. This set contains the following characters:

      a..z A..Z 0..9
      !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~
      <space>, <tab>, and <newline>

  This is the left/lower half (also called the G0 set) of the graphic character set of ISO8859-1 plus <space>, <tab>, and <newline>. It is also the set of graphic characters in 7-bit ASCII plus the same three control characters. The actual encoding of these characters on the host is system dependent; see the Host Portable Character Encoding.

XLFD

  The X Logical Font Description Conventions that define a standard syntax for structured font names.

XY format

  The data for a pixmap is said to be in XY format if it is organized as a set of bitmaps representing individual bit planes with the planes appearing from most-significant to least-significant bit order.

Z format

  The data for a pixmap is said to be in Z format if it is organized as a set of pixel values in scanline order.

## References

### Draft Proposed Multibyte Extension of ANSI C, Draft 1.1

November 30, 1989 SC22/C WG/SWG IPSJ/ITSCJ Japan

### ISO2022: Information processing - ISO 7-bit and 8-bit coded character sets - Code extension techniques.

### ISO8859-1: Information processing - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets - Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1.

### POSIX: Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language], ISO/IEC 9945-1.

### Text of ISO/IEC/DIS 9541-1, Information Processing - Font Information Interchange - Part 1: Architecture.

### X/Open Portability Guide, Issue 3, December 1988 (XPG3), X/Open Company, Ltd, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1989. ISBN 0-13-685835-8. (See especially Volume 3: XSI Supplementary Definitions.)